We report on an optical technique for measuring thermal expansion and magnetostriction at cryogenic temperatures and under applied hydrostatic pressures of 2.0 GPa. Optical fiber Bragg gratings inside a clamp-type pressure chamber are used to measure the strain in a millimeter-sized sample of CeRhIn₅. We describe the simultaneous measurement of two Bragg gratings in a single optical fiber using...

Optical systems are becoming increasingly important by resolving many bottlenecks in today’s communication, electronics, and biomedical systems. However, given the continuous nature of optics, the inability to efficiently analyze optical system models using traditional paper-and-pencil and computer simulation approaches sets limits especially in safety-critical applications. In order to overcom...

The institutions of productive systems are structured by mutual interests and relative power. Securing mutually beneficial cooperation in production requires resolving distributional differences. These objectives are secured in liberal economic theory by the working of markets which mediate the power of individuals and reward individual success. The centrality of individuals and hierarchies in ...

We have recorded spectra of Titan’s n4 band of CH4 at a higher resolving power (R p 70,000) than prior measurements to better constrain the thermal structure of Titan’s atmosphere from 100 to 600 km altitude. Radiative transfer analyses of the spectra indicate a temperature profile below 300 km that is consistent with past measurements. The high resolving power of our observations provides the ...

data transmission in optical systems and increased transmission distance capacity benefit by using optical amplification wavelength division multiplexing (wdm) technology. the combination of four waves (fwm) is a non-linear effect in the wavelength division multiplex (wdm), when more than two wavelengths of light in a fiber launch will occur. fwm amount depends on the channel, the channel spaci...

We demonstrate a new architecture for an optical entangling gate that is significantly simpler than previous realizations, using partially polarizing beam splitters so that only a single optical mode-matching condition is required. We demonstrate operation of a controlled-z gate in both continuous-wave and pulsed regimes of operation, fully characterizing it in each case using quantum process t...

Optical-to-electrical conversion in graphene is a central phenomenon for realizing anticipated ultrafast and low-power-consumption information technologies. However, revealing its mechanism intrinsic timescale require uncharted terahertz electronics device architectures. Here we succeeded resolving optical-to-electrical processes high-quality via the on-chip electrical readout of an photothermo...