The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 calls for the phased withdrawal of OPV, beginning with the globally synchronized cessation of tOPV by mid 2016. From a global vaccine supply management perspective, the strategy provided two key challenges; (1) the planned cessation of a high volume vaccine market; and (2) the uncertainty of demand leading and timeline as total vaccine ...

BACKGROUND Frequent supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) represent the primary strategy to interrupt poliovirus transmission in the last endemic areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a differential-equation based poliovirus transmission model tailored to high-risk areas in Nigeria, we perform one-way and multi-way sensitivity analyses to demonstrate ...

During the 41 st World Health Assem3ly (WHA) meeting, it was resolved that World Health Organization (WHO) takes initiative for global eradication of poliomyelitis exclusively by Oral Polio Vaccination (OPV) by year 2000 with all member countries. WHO Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) schedule requires all children below 1 year of age to get 4 doses of OPV. A regular review of OPV3 coverag...

This study estimates the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in Japan between 1971 and 2000. We acquired data regarding the number of VAPP cases from the website of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and we estimated the number of oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) administered based on the reported immunization data. Risk was calculated as the ratio between the numbe...

The emergence of internet things (IoT) has motivated research into developing Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) devices that can efficiently convert indoor light electricity. In this work, the performance and operation an OPV-powered Wireless Sensor network (WSN) for Building Information management system is provided through a case study. Results are shown WSN how data be acquired to build machine lea...

Although the charge separation (CS) and transport processes that compete with geminate and non-geminate recombination are commonly regarded as the governing factors of organic photovoltaic (OPV) efficiency, the details of the CS mechanism remain largely unexplored. Here we provide a systematic investigation on the role of local charge carrier mobility in bulk heterojunction films of ten differe...

Charge transport in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is often characterized by space-charge limited currents (SCLC). However, this technique only probes the transport of charges residing at quasi-equilibrium energies in the disorder-broadened density of states (DOS). In contrast, in an operating OPV device the photo-generated carriers are typically created at higher energies in the DOS, follo...

Interfacial layers are commonly employed in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells in order to improve device performance. These layers must be transparent, stable, be compatible with the photo-active materials and provide efficient charge extraction with a good energetic match to the relevant organic material. In this report we demonstrate the compatibility of zirconium acetylacetonate (ZrAcac) elec...

Highly conductive In-doped CdO/Sn-doped In2O3 (CIO/ITO) bilayer transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films were prepared by combining, in sequence, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and ion-assisted deposition (IAD) techniques. The bilayer substrates, with a low In content of ∼19 atom % and a low sheet resistance of only ∼4.9 Ω/0, were investigated as anodes in the bulk-heteroj...

In January 1997, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended adoption of a sequential inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)-oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) vaccination schedule. The schedule of injections of IPV at 2 months and 4 months of age, followed by OPV at 12-18 months and again at 4-6 years was intended to minimize the risk for vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyel...