This paper examines common assumptions regarding the decision-making internal environment for intelligent agents and investigates issues related to processing of memory and belief states to help obtain better understanding of the responses. In specific, we consider order effects and discuss both classical and non-classical explanations for them. We also consider implicit cognition and explore i...

This paper addresses the problem of mitigating the order effects in incremental learning, a phenomenon observed when different ordered sequences of observations lead to different results. A modification of an ILP incremental learning system, with the aim of making it order-independent, is presented. A backtracking strategy on theories is incorporated in its refinement operators, which causes a ...

Participants compared successive color patterns (Exp. 1) or jingles (Exp. 2), selecting the preferred one. Results were well described by Hellström’s sensation-weighting model, with a greater weight for the second stimulus than for the first. Mean time-order errors were negative, which can be explained as a consequence of this stimulus weighting and of a reference level for aesthetic attractive...

After a brief review of higher-order QED effects, a survey is made of novel aspects of QED with emphasis on recent experimental results in strong-field QED: nonlinear Compton scattering and multiphoton pair creation by light. 1 Higher-Order QED Effects Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) describes the interactions between charged particles that are mediated by quanta (photons) of the electromagnetic ...

Two experiments establish a rational order effect in responsibility attributions. Experiment 1 shows that in a team challenge in which players contribute sequentially, the last player’s blame or credit for a performance is reduced if the team’s result is already determined prior to his acting. However, credit and blame attributions still vary with quality of performance in these cases. This fin...

Biological systems are robust, in that they can maintain stable phenotypes under varying conditions or attacks. Biological systems are also complex, being organized into many functional modules that communicate through interlocking pathways and feedback mechanisms. In these systems, robustness and complexity are linked because both qualities arise from the same underlying mechanisms. When pertu...

This paper is concerned with the prediction of the conditional mean which involves the fixed and random effects based on the natural exponential family with a quadratic variance function. The best predictor is interpreted as the Bayes estimator in the Bayesian context, and the empirical Bayes estimator (EB) is useful for small area estimation in the sense of increasing precision of prediction f...