Overlapping genes pose an evolutionary dilemma as one DNA sequence evolves under the selection pressures of multiple proteins. Here, we perform systematic statistical and mutational analyses of the overlapping HIV-1 genes tat and rev and engineer exhaustive libraries of non-overlapped viruses to perform deep mutational scanning of each gene independently. We find a "segregated" organization in ...

BACKGROUND Two overlapping genes lacL and lacM (lacLM) encoding for heterodimeric β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus reuteri were previously cloned and over-expressed in the food-grade host strain Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, using the inducible lactobacillal pSIP expression system. In this study, we analyzed different factors that affect the production of recombinant L. reuteri β-galactosida...

The genomes of most virus species have overlapping genes--two or more proteins coded for by the same nucleotide sequence. Several explanations have been proposed for the evolution of this phenomenon, and we test these by comparing the amount of gene overlap in all known virus species. We conclude that gene overlap is unlikely to have evolved as a way of compressing the genome in response to the...

Recently, Sturz et al. (2013) provided evidence for a role of field of view (FOV, i.e., amount of the environment visible from a single vantage point) in the reorientation process. Specifically, they found that constraining FOV (i.e., FOV of 50◦ compared to FOV of 100◦) appeared to prevent the extraction of geometric cues. Given this evidence, I attempted to model a role of FOV in the extractio...

Sterile radiation reduction gloves have been widely used over the past several decades in an effort to reduce hand doses during fluoroscopically guided proce- dures. While multiple studies have quantified the potential dose reduction to the fluoroscope operator from the use of such gloves, possible effects on the patient have not yet been quantified. The aim of this study was to examine the imp...

Background Radial sampling is often used in dynamic CMR because it is robust to flow and motion, supports short echo times, and provides a diffuse aliasing pattern. One drawback is that current implementations do not support anisotropic field-of-view (FOV). Larson et al. [1] previously provided a simple scheme for supporting anisotropic FOV in static radial imaging. We extend the approach to go...

OBJECTIVES Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which provides a lower dose, lower cost alternative to conventional CT, is being used with increasing frequency in the practice of oral and maxillofacial radiology. This study provides comparative measurements of effective dose for three commercially available, large (12'') field-of-view (FOV), CBCT units: CB Mercuray, NewTom 3G and i-CAT. METH...

Context. Instrumental projects that will improve the direct optical finding and characterisation of exoplanets have advanced sufficiently to trigger organized investigation and development of corresponding signal processing algorithms. The first step is the availability of field-of-view (FOV) models. These can then be submitted to various instrumental models, which in turn produce simulated dat...

— This paper presents an assignment scheme to control multiple Pan/Tilt (PT) cameras for 3D video of a moving object. The system combines static wide field of view (FOV) cameras and active Pan/Tilt (PT) cameras with narrow FOV within a networked platform. We consider the general case where the active cameras have as high resolution as they can capture only partial views of the object. The major...