Twelve rats were food-deprived to 90% or 70% of their free-feeding weights. Food pellets were then delivered every 60 s (Fixed Time 60-s schedule), and the development of adjunctive drinking was measured by the water consumed and the number of licks. For "master" rats, each lick was followed by 10-s delays in food delivery. Yoked control rats received food at the same time as their master rats ...

Sensory experience and spontaneous activity play important roles in development of sensory circuits; however, their relative contributions are unclear. Here, we test the role of different forms of activity on remodeling of the mouse retinogeniculate synapse. We found that the bulk of maturation occurs without patterned sensory activity over 4 days spanning eye opening. During this early develop...

OBJECTIVE Despite social environmental factors such as deprivation, urbanicity, migration and adversity being established risk factors for psychotic disorders, there is a paucity of knowledge on the influence of social environmental risk factors in the UHR population. Firstly, we aimed to investigate the association between social deprivation and risk of transition and secondly, we aimed to inv...

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of sleep disturbance on histological features and evaluates expression StAR protein in cortex adrenal gland adult male rats. suprarenal glands are endocrine organs that directly affected by deprivation. Sleep is a stress factor affecting steroidogenesis since it regulated hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA). Its hormones cholesterol-derive...

OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy of area based Townsend Deprivation Scores (TDSs) as proxies for individual level deprivation and to compare the ability of TDSs and individual level measures of deprivation to predict selfreported health. METHODS Using data from a self completed health and behaviour survey sent to a random sample of households in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, the ability of TDS...

Background & Aims: Change in visual experience impairs circadian rhythms. In this study, The effects of visual deprivation during critical period of brain development and melatonin intake on synaptic plasticity of hippocampal CA1 neurons were evaluated. Methods: This experimental study was done on male rats kept in standard 12 hour light/dark condition (L...

Abstract Introduction Sleep deprivation impairs some higher-order cognitive processes, but it is unclear if this reflects impaired ability to perform complex tasks, a reduction in motivation, or both. There evidence that reward motivation attenuates the effect of sleep on lower-level namely vigilant attention. We investigated extent which would mitigate placekeeping, process plays central role ...

Abstract Introduction Sleep deprivation impairs some higher-order cognitive processes, but this impairment may reflect changes in motivation as well the capacity to perform task, which has implications for intervention strategies. Here, we asked whether reward could offset effects of sleep on placekeeping, a process that is prevalent performance everyday tasks. To conduct study under pandemic c...

Effects of sleep deprivation on neural cardiovascular control may have important clinical implications. We tested the hypothesis that sleep deprivation increases heart rate, blood pressure, and sympathetic activity and potentiates their responses to stressful stimuli. We studied 8 healthy subjects (aged 40+/-5 years, 6 men and 2 women). Blood pressure, heart rate, forearm vascular resistance, a...

Deprivation indices have been widely used to evaluate neighborhood socioeconomic status and therefore examine individuals within their regional context. Although some studies on the development of deprivation indices were conducted in Korea, additional research is needed to construct a more valid and reliable deprivation index. Therefore, a new deprivation index, named the K index, was construc...