afghanistan is a land-locked country that depends on its neighboring countries to transit essential commodities. iran, for its proximity and access to the high seas, seems to have the most economical route to meet afghanistan’s needs. however, this country did not pursue such an economical route due to its western tendencies and its foreign policies which were completely different with iran’s. ...

The osmosis between Iranian exile, Oriental repertoires, and the commodification of nostalgia in film contemporary1 culture alludes to Disney reproduction East that is capitalized by Hollywood’s invisible hand. Orientalist logic via old civilization Achaemenid grandeur conveyed Hamid Naficy’s (1991) reference Edward Said’s (1978) ‘imaginary2 geography’—the inventive tool narration augments tale...

TEHRAN (AP) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s followers, already holding scores of hostages in the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, seized two U.S. consulates and the British Embassy yesterday in an escalating war of nerves against “ the great Satan, America” and its “ evil ” ally. No injuries were reported in the new takeovers in Iran, and it was not known how many new American hostages were seized, if any...

Human is a small part of nature and with its constant presence in the natural environment, it was able to create an artificial and man-made environment tailored to its needs. Identifying structural components of nature and adapting them to the three dimensions of body, spirit and soul and their role in creating physical, functional and content components in architecture, is the beginning of the...

iran’s nineteenth century is to be regarded as the age of major reforms including educational reform. in that century, iran’s defeat by russian made the european presence in iran possible; europeans intended to reform iranian educational system. these powerful countries supported the missionary activities in iran and in particular backed the development of minorities’ educational system. under ...

the basic aim of this research is, to explain the nature of iran educational system from its modernization time till now. accessing this, historical analysis method was used. results show that basic characteristics in iran educational system are: imitating, militarism authority and religious orientation; that every one of them is an outcome arising from the streams that had important roles to e...

the name of sadegh hedayat(1903-1951) reminds many people of a pioneering author in fiction, with works having a lot of advocates and opponents.  hence, many studies have been conducted regarding his works in the area of stories and translation from french, but his researches on and translations from the pahlavi language has less been noticed and analysed, however, he was one of the leading aut...