by means of double-step stimuli. Integrating information across fixations during reading: The use of orthographic bodies and of exterior letters. attention and eye movements during reading. reading: The role of parafoveal letter and space information.

A recent study using a novel saccade-contingent display-change technique to control the presentation of text to each eye shows a binocular advantage for both foveal and parafoveal processing of words during natural reading.

Detection threshold vs. retinal eccentricity functions measured during the cone plateau of the dark-adaptation curve differed from comparable functions measured on a uniform photopic background. Dark adaptation increased parafoveal sensitivity more than either foveal or peripheral sensitivity.

Research has suggested that during reading, parafoveal information pertaining to the next word in a line might be, at least partially, processed. We used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to examine this issue. Volunteers read sentences presented word-by-word at fixation with each word flanked bilaterally on its right by the next word in the sentence and on its left by the preceding word. I...

Retinal degenerative diseases cause photoreceptor loss and often result in remodeling and deafferentation of the inner retina. Fortunately, ganglion cell morphology appears to remain intact long after photoreceptors and distal retinal circuitry have degenerated. We have introduced the optical neuromodulators channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR) differentially into the soma and den...

An eyetracking experiment is reported examining the assumption that a word is skipped during sentence reading because parafoveal processing during preceding fixations reached an advanced level in recognizing that word. Wordn was presented either with reduced contrast, with case alternation or normal. Reingold and Rayner (2006) reported that, compared to the normal condition, reduced contrast in...

The relation between parafoveal letter and space information in eye movement guidance during reading was investigated in 2 experiments. Contingent upon the reader's fixation, the type of parafoveal information available to the right of fixation was varied by (a) space information only, (b) space information with letter information added at some delay, or (c) letter and space information simulta...

Eye-movement experiments suggest that the perceptual span during reading is larger than the fixated word, asymmetric around the fixation position, and shrinks in size contingent on the foveal processing load. We used the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading to test these hypotheses and their implications under the assumption of graded parallel processing of all words inside the pe...

The impairment of retinal vascular autoregulation can be an early manifestation of many systemic and ocular diseases. Therefore, quantifying retinal vascular autoregulation in a non-invasive manner is very important. This study evaluated the effects of a Valsalva maneuver (VM)-induced blood pressure increases on retinal vascular autoregulation. Parafoveal and peripapillary retinal vessel densit...

Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse relation between the size of the complete spatial summation area and ganglion cell density. We hypothesized that if this relation is dynamic, the spatial summation area at 6° nasal would expand to compensate for age-related losses of retinal ganglion cells but not in the fovea where age-related loss in ganglion cell density is not significant. This ...