On the question of wave-particle duality, from historic Bohr-Einstein debates a century ago, to this day, view expressed in Niels Bohr’s Complementarity Principle has become well established, confirmed by numerous experiments: If observation is for wave nature, then particle changes wave, and if remains particle. However, recently been challenged. With proof based on definition function, it sho...

We study the dynamics of one-particle and few-particle billiard systems in containers of various shapes. In few-particle systems, the particles collide elastically both against the boundary and against each other. In the one-particle case, we investigate the formation and destruction of resonance islands in generalized mushroom billiards, which are a recently discovered class of Hamiltonian sys...

Macroscopic quantum phenomena, e.g., superconductivity and squeezing, are believed to result from entanglement of macroscopic numbers of particles. We report the first direct study of this kind of entanglement: we use discrete quantum tomography to reconstruct the joint quantum state of photon pairs extracted from polarization-squeezed light. Our observations confirm several predictions from sp...

Revised 2003 (see the various sections for authors). In this section we give various parameters for common detector components. The quoted numbers are usually based on typical devices, and should be regarded only as rough approximations for new designs. More detailed discussions of detectors and their underlying physics can be found in books by Ferbel [1], Grupen [2], Kleinknecht [3], Knoll [4]...

Three general cases emerge from our force balance approach based on friction and wetting properties of particles.