objectives: specific language impaired children, despite being normal in cognitive and neurological characteristics, and also normal levels of hearing, experience multiple problems in syntax comprehension. this study compared the passive comprehension as one of syntactic structures in persian-speaking typically developing children and specific language impaired children. methods: 10 children wi...

Language comprehension in humans is very robust. With apparent ease, language users can grasp the meaning of utterances made in very bad acoustic conditions or containing grammatical errors. A key mechanism in achieving this robustness is the ability of the listener to predict what the speaker is likely to say. According to recent work in psycholinguistics, these predictions are made by covertl...

This paper reports further progress into a computational implementation of a new formalism for construction grammar, known as Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG). We focus in particular on how hierarchy can be implemented. The paper analyses the requirements for a proper treatment of hierarchy in grammar and then proposes a particular solution based on a new operator, known as the J-operator. The ...

introduction: the passive sentence structure is one of the most interesting syntactic structures on language development. studies in some languages have indicated that comprehension of this syntactic structure takes place late in the language acquisition process. therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the comprehension of active and passive structures in 48-59- and 60-71-month-o...

Due to the energy crisis and high cost of building construction, thermal efficiency buildings is a matter most concern nowadays. Different strategies, including design development, construction materials, installation active systems inside structures, may be used address performance buildings. This study examines both traditional modern homes in Abbottabad, Pakistan, using energy-efficient prin...

In this paper I develop a lexical rule based analysis for the passive in German in the paradigm of HPSG. Object-toSubject-Raising approaches will be discussed and it will be explained why a lexical rule based approach does not have their shortcomings. It will be shown that difficult cases of remote passive can be handled by such an analysis. 1 Object-to-Subject Raising In HPSG grammars for Engl...

This dissertation deals with a family of grammatical constructions which overlap with the meaning of the basic passive and which can be seen as resulting from alterations in grammatical voice. In particular the thesis describes and analyses several related types of construction including the passive, the impersonal, and the anticausative. The main objective of this dissertation is a study of va...

Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG) is a formalism for defining the inventory of lexical and grammatical conventions that language processing requires and the operations with which this inventory is used to parse and produce sentences. This chapter introduces some of the key ideas and basic design principles behind the development of Fluid Construction Grammar.

German case syncretism is often assumed to be the accidental by-product of historical development. This paper contradicts this claim and argues that the evolution of German case is driven by the need to optimize the cognitive effort and memory required for processing and interpretation. This hypothesis is supported by a novel kind of computational experiments that reconstruct and compare attest...