There are several conflicting evidences showing the effect of morphine on learning and memory processes. In the present study the effect of chronic morphine administration on passive avoidance, active avoidance and spatial learning and memory of morphine dependent male rats using Passive Avoidance shuttle box and Morris Water Maze tasks were investigated, respectively. Male rats received morphi...

The incidence angle of a beam entering liquid crystal variable retarder (LCVR) and the polarization grating (LCPG) is greater when LCPG utilized in quadrature cascade, which reduces diffraction efficiency. Therefore, this study investigates best method for controlling cascaded LCPG. By optimizing control coefficient voltage LCVR, between incident LCVR grating, increases efficiency grating. It w...