knowledge about the clinical significance of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog b1 ( braf ) mutations in colorectal cancer (crc) is growing. braf encodes a protein kinase involved with intracellular signaling and cell division. the gene product is a downstream effector of kirsten ras 1( kras ) within the ras/raf/mapk cellular signaling pathway. evidence suggests that braf mutations, li...

OBJECTIVES To review the relationships between vitamin D status and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) concerning immunological, clinical aspects and possible effects of supplementation in disease modulation. METHODS The literature was reviewed up to January 2017 for studies regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunological aspects, clinical implications and supplementation strategies. ...

Fibrosis of the lung, a common complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and the hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is associated with substantial mortality and has no approved therapy. Despite some degree of overlap in their clinical features and pathogenesis, SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) and IPF have differences, with significant implications for diagnosis, eval...

A wide spectrum of comorbidities has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects more than seven million people worldwide. Emerging evidence indicates that chronic diseases including diabetes, depression, anemia and cancer may be implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that some of these...

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), formerly known as autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1, is a paradigm of a monogenic autoimmune disease caused by mutations of a gene, named autoimmune regulator (AIRE). AIRE acts as a transcription regulator that promotes immunological central tolerance by inducing the ectopic thymic expression of many tissue-specific...

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory whose pathogenesis involves disturbances of the gastrointestinal microbiota. As prevalence CD increases, need for more effective and safe treatment integral. Probiotics have been reported to be beneficial numerous diseases, providing health benefits considering microbial characteristics CD’s pathogenesis. However, our knowledge efficacy probiotic t...