The Bank of Finland’s Finnish Payment Habits 2010 project predicts that Finnish payment habits will face substantial changes. The causes for these changes include: the standardisation and integration of European payment systems, development of payment services-related legislation and regulation at EU level, changes in payment services-related cost factors and pricing, and new opportunities offe...

(i) There is a delay by the intermediary in making payment to the SNF. (ii) Due to an exceptional situation, there is a temporary delay in the SNF’s preparation and submittal of bills to the intermediary beyond its normal billing cycle. (2) Approval of payment. An SNF’s request for an accelerated payment must be approved by the intermediary and HCFA. (3) Amount of payment. The amount of the acc...

Lenders have increasingly responded to regulatory and public pressures to provide credit to lowerincome and minority communities by entering into CRA agreements, which typically involve pledges to extend a certain volume of lending to targeted groups and communities. This paper considers the broader impact of these CRA agreements by examining whether they are associated with changes in lending ...

The ability of the servers to deliver services to the clients according to pre-defined agreements is becoming an important requirement. These pre-defined agreements are sometimes referred to as service level agreements (SLA). In most practical cases, these agreements are based on the response times observed by the customer. This service level ‘agreeability’ is not captured in the definitions of...

Direct face-to-face communication has traditionally been found to be more effective for fostering economic cooperation than any form of indirect, mediated communication. We inquire whether this is still the case since most young adults routinely use texting and online social media to communicate with each other. We find that young adults in our laboratory public goods experiment are just as ade...

The screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), is a parasite that attacks all warm-blooded animals including humans. This parasite has caused significant losses to the livestock industries of the Americas. Since the screwworm eradication program was initiated in the Southeastern United States in 1957, the eradication program has successfully progressed to its current location in Panama....

This paper explores the relationship between firms’ cooperation and their propensity toward environmental innovation. Previous literature has emphasized the peculiarities of such innovations based on their drivers, their positive spill-overs and the importance of regulation to trigger them. This paper contributes to the literature by focusing on the importance of cooperation and of vertical, ho...

Norms of reciprocity help enforce cooperative agreements in bilateral sequential exchange. We examine the norms that apply in a reciprocal-exchange economy. In our one-shot investment game in a Nairobi slum, people adhered to the norm of “balanced reciprocity,” which obligates quid-pro-quo returns for any level of trust. The norm is gendered, with people more likely to comply when confronted wi...