The microstructure obtained as the weld cools from the liquid phase to ambient temperature is called the as–deposited or primary microstructure. Its major components include allotriomorphic ferrite, Widmanstätten ferrite, and acicular ferrite (Fig. 1). There may also be some martensite, retained austenite or degenerate pearlite. These latter phases occur in very small fractions, and are known b...

In this research (using induction furnace process) nodular iron with three different percentages of copper (residual, 0.5% and 1,2%) was obtained. Chemical analysis was performed by mass spectrometry and microstructures were characterized by Optical Microscopy (ASTM E3) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The study of mechanical behavior was carried out in a mechanical test machine (ASTM E8...

We characterize the compensation demanded by investors in equilibrium for incremental exposure to growth-rate risk. Given an underlying Markov diffusion that governs the state variables in the economy, the economic model implies a stochastic discount factor process S and a reference stochastic growth process G for the macroeconomy. Both are modeled conveniently as multiplicative functionals of ...

The concept of growth rates in group theory has proven to be a potent tool for studying groups. For example, in 1981, Mikhail Gromov proved the set of finitely-generated virtually nilpotent groups are precisely the groups of polynomial growth. In this paper, we give an introduction to growth rate in group theory and provide many tools and examples to illustrate some of the methods used. We also...

At the beginning of the 1980s, researchers knew that actin fi laments were present in all cell types and were important for force generation and cell movement. But relatively little was known about how actin monomers assembled into fi laments. In fact, researchers didn’t even possess information as fundamental as the rate constants of monomer association and dissociation. In 1981, however, Tom ...

This paper proposes a new type of growth rate, called the “poverty equivalent growth rate” (PEGR), which takes into account both the growth rate in mean income and how the benefits of growth are distributed between the poor and the non-poor. The proposed measure satisfies a basic requirement that the proportional reduction in poverty is a monotonically increasing function of the PEGR. Thus, max...

control of stored-product insect by gamma radiation could be enhanced by other possible techniques such as essential oils as effective alternatives to chemical insecticides. in this study, the efficiency of gamma radiation combined with perovskia atriplicifolia (benth) was verified to assess their enhanced antifeedant effect against the tribolium castaneum (herbst). flour disc bioassay was empl...

the effects of steel wire patenting process parameters on very fine interlamellar spacing in the pearlitic steel wire were investigated and the optimized condition of the process was achieved. in this work, the initial nanopearlitic structure was obtained in a 0.72 wt% carbon steel wire before the wire drawing process. the results were the minimum interlamellar spacing of 35 nm and maximum ulti...