Security researchers and practitioners lack techniques to quantitatively evaluate the strength of security systems against a determined attacker. Currently, evaluation is either qualitative, such as through security certification standards, or ad-hoc, such as through penetration testing and auditing. In this paper, we propose a framework that if applied to security systems, would produce quanti...

Under certain culture conditions, Miracil (35 mug/ml) halts the growth of uninfected Escherichia coli. Cellular ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis is almost completely suppressed, whereas deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis are inhibited to a lesser extent. When the drug is added to host bacteria prior to infection with bacteriophage MS2, the phage adsorb to the cells, but penetration of ...

Cleaning Failure to adequately clean instrument results in higher bioburden, protein load, and salt concentration. These will decrease sterilization efficacy. Bioburden The natural bioburden of used surgical devices is 10 to 10 organisms (primarily vegetative bacteria), which is substantially below the 10-10 spores used with biological indicators. Pathogen type Spore-forming organisms are most ...

Background Propagation of pathogens has considered an important health care problem due to their resistance against conventional antibiotics. The recent challenge involves the design of functional alternatives such as nanomaterials, used as antibacterial agents. Early stages of antibacterial damage caused by metallic nanoparticles (NPs) were studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and...

In the natural environment, most of the phages that target bacteria are thought to exist in biofilm ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to gain a clearer understanding of the reactivity of these viral particles when they come into contact with bacteria embedded in biofilms. Experimentally, we quantified lactococcal c2 phage diffusion and reaction through model biofilms using in situ fluor...

To show that an adsorbing biofilm carrier (GAC) can be advantageous for atrazine bioremediation over a non-adsorbing carrier, fluidized bed (FB) reactors were operated under atrazine limiting concentrations using Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP as the atrazine degrading bacteria. The following interrelated subjects were investigated: 1) atrazine adsorption to GAC under conditions of atrazine partial...

Gram-negative bacteria depend on their cell membranes for survival and environmental adaptation. They contain two membranes, one of which is the outer membrane (OM), home to several different proteins (Omps). One class important Omps porins, mediate inflow nutrients antimicrobial drugs. The microorganism’s sensitivity antibiotics, are predominantly targeted at internal sites, greatly influenced...

The Biofilm P.aeruginosa communities are characterized by close juxtaposition of bacterial cells and the presence an exopolysaccharide matrix that surrounds population. Many reports have postulated provides effective barrier restricts penetration chemically reactive biocides, cationic antibiotics antimicrobial peptides. This study aims to antibiofilm formation activities ethanol extract from Cu...