OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the impact of external price referencing (EPR) on on-patent medicine prices, adjusting for other factors that may affect price levels such as sales volume, exchange rates, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, total pharmaceutical expenditure (TPE), and size of the pharmaceutical industry. METHODS Price data of 14 on-patent products, in 14 European cou...

This study aims to examine the effect of accountability, as one governance aspects, on efficiency local government spending at district/city level in Indonesia. uses panel data analysis with 228 districts/city entities from 2014 2018. The is conducted two stages; first stage measures every by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. second estimates accountability and other control variabl...

Resident consumption is the important for the rapid and sustainable economic growth in China, and the number of rural residents is almost half of the total number, and forecasting the rural residents per capita living consumption accurately and reliably provide important basis for the government to establish new development strategies. Therefore, prediction of rural per capita living consumptio...

In the fiscal year 1959-60, total assistance payments for all five public assistance programs combined averaged $20.38 for every inhabitant of the United States-only 11 cents more than the per capita cost in the preceding year. Per capita costs, obtained by relating the total assistance outlay for the country as a whole or for each State to the total number of persons in the Nation or in the pa...

this paper analyzes the effects of socio-economic factors on life expectancy. using multiple regression analysis, the paper shows that there is a positive strong correlation between life expectancy as an independent variable and per capita income, health expenditures, literacy rate and daily calorie intake. also, it shows that there is a negative strong correlation between life expectancy and n...

In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the disease burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) is rising considerably. Given weaknesses in existing financial arrangements across SSA, expenditure on CNCDs is often borne directly by patients through out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. This study explored patterns and determinants of OOP expenditure on CNCDs in Malawi. We used data from the first round of ...

Our analysis of 19 OECD countries over the period 1972-2006 provides evidence of convergence in per capita health care expenditures for 17 countries, while the US and (to a lesser degree) Norway follow a different path. A simple decomposition of per capita health expenditures reveals that the divergence of the US comes from the divergence of the ‘health care expenditure over GDP’ component, whi...

background during the last three decades, the total fertility rate (tfr) in iran has fallen considerably; from 6.5 per woman in 1983 to 1.89 in 2010. this paper analyzes the extent to which economic determinants at the micro and macro levels are associated with the number of children in iranian households.   methods household data from the 2010 household expenditure and income survey (heis) is ...

Abstract This study is motivated by the issue of Green Economy regime. The regime promotes economic development while maintaining good environmental stability without destroying nature. Increased CO2 emissions, especially in 5 ASEAN countries, will impact surrounding environment, leading to worsening health levels long term. poor level resulting from emissions increase spending on health. aims ...