Plant remains from archaeological sites reflect many aspects of the relationship between people, plants, and the environmentin which they lived. Plant macroremains—seeds and wood that are visible without a microscope—can address a widerange of questions. The most basic include what crops were grown? What was used for fuel? Do any of the plants comefrom distant lands? Examples from fourth and th...

the interactions between southeastern sites of iranian plateau and western sites in susa and mesopotamia in the third millennium b.c is one of the most controversial aspects of the near eastern archaeology. it seems that with some structural changes in these sites from the middle of 4th millennium b.c that led to long distance trade between mesopotamia and indus valley, these sites were related...

the seleucid seals and bullae play a significant role in understanding the administration and social structures of this period. due to the limitations in the seleucids sigillographic study, a wide variety of administrative archives of bullae found from important sites such as qumis, susa, babylon, nippur and kadesh are waiting for the researchers to deal with the bullae’s various aspects. apart...

Prehistoric archaeological sites in the center of the Iranian Plateau suddenly disappeared around the end of the 4th millennium BCE. At Tepe Sialk, near Kashan, the last cultural period, namely Sialk IV - probably established around 3400 BCE after the last settlements of Sialk III6-7b - was abandoned approximately after 500 years. The material culture of this period, known as Proto-Elamite peri...

Abstract At the critical junction of Early and Middle Bronze Ages, marked by fall Ur iii polity, city Susa in today’s southwest Iran left Mesopotamian control became lowland seat Shimashki then Sukkalmah dynasts Zagros mountains, who elevated Elam as a significant power on dynamic early Age Near Eastern geopolitical stage. This transition ushered new political, economic, social conditions, whic...

plant remains from archaeological sites reflect many aspects of the relationship between people, plants, and the environmentin which they lived. plant macroremains—seeds and wood that are visible without a microscope—can address a widerange of questions. the most basic include what crops were grown? what was used for fuel? do any of the plants comefrom distant lands? examples from fourth and th...