In 1966, spending for personal health care in the U.S. was $39 billion. By 1978, these expenditures had grown to $166 billion. Among regions and states, different patterns and levels of spending emerged, along with different rates of growth. Some of the highlights from the accompanying report which pinpoint personal health care spending differences among regions and states are listed below. In ...

background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...

Finland introduced a personal identification number system in 1964, and since then practically all administrative registers have included this unique identification code. Currently Finland has strict data protection laws, which prohibit the collection of sensitive health and social information. Health data that includes identifiers can be gathered by obtaining informed consent from the patients...

We develop and explore a new model of the economics of privacy. Individuals with private information about an immutable personal attribute (the agent’s “type”) engage in actions that have a private benefit, contribute to a public good (bad) and, if observable, may reveal the agent’s type resulting in social approval (disapproval) or increased (decreased) future trading opportunities. We conside...

The United States spent an estimated $287 billion for health care in 1981 (Figure 1), an amount equal to 9.8 percent of the Gross National Product (GNP). Highlights of the figures that underly this estimate include the following: Health care expenditures continued to grow at a rapid rate in 1981, at a time when the economy as a whole exhibited sluggish growth. The 9.8 percent share of the GNP w...

This article provides a critical discussion of recent work on local government health care and health services in interwar England. A literature review examines case study approaches and comparative quantitative surveys, highlighting conventional and revisionist interpretations. Noting the differing selection criteria evident in some works, it argues that studies based upon a limited number of ...

Thomas Bauer seems very much intent on discrediting my chapter on Mamluk and Ottoman poetry (in the Post-Classical Period volume of the Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, edited by Roger Allen and D. S. Richards and published in 2006), which apparently contradicts the premises and ideas he himself had already put forward about this long period, one that happens to be his chosen area of spe...

Currently, there is an effort for empowering patient self-care and improving the traditional healthcare delivery models by expanding the concept of healthcare though the provision of advanced online healthcare services. Those services require increased level of information flow and collaboration among patients and healthcare professionals. This collaboration and patient information sharing can ...

The present study was to describe the input/process and evaluate the effectiveness of Taiwanese Workplace Health Promotion Initiatives based on employees' perspectives. This study employed a cross-sectional design by a structured questionnaire that was completed by 842 employees in 30 workplaces that participated in the Taiwan Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) Initiatives which supported by Mini...