We present a model for infrared radiance contrast of native and crude oil covered water surfaces. This model is based on the so called "direct" approach by treating individual volumetric elements as incoherent radiators. The total emitted radiation is calculated by the sum of individual contributions from the oil film and the underlying water, respectively. Therefore, different temperatures can...

Among other difficulties (1), the World Summit on Sustainable Development -Rio+10 struggled with defining “sustainability.” Typical of efforts to make concrete this slippery concept was a preparatory paper addressing one of the most pressing issues in human development, how to bring modern energy services to the one-third of humanity whose development and survival requirements suffer from lack ...

InternatIonal energy agency KIeran clarKe (australIan Department of resources, energy anD tourIsm) anD Dagmar graczyK (Iea) The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its mandate is twofold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply and to advise member countries o...

Bioremediation, or the use of micro-organisms to decontaminate soil or groundwater, is being increasingly seen as an effective, environmentfriendly treatment for oilcontaminated sites. Many reports indicated that, large quantities of organic and inorganic compounds are released into the environments every year as results of human activities causing serious environmental problems. Among those pr...

Regional distributions of organic content are an important aid in developing basin evolution and hydrocarbon generation models. An approach to evaluate hydrocarbon source rocks using resistivity, sonic, density, neutron and natural gamma ray logs is developed. Organic matter, as a constituent in sedimentary rocks, has a relatively low density, slow velocity, and is high in hydrogen content. Sou...

If you have regular occasion to fill your car’s tank with gas, you know that the price of gasoline has recently been both high and volatile a consequence, for the most part, of similar movements in the price of crude oil. The weekly average price for a barrel of West Texas intermediate, a standard grade of crude oil, hovered around $30 during the second half of 2003 but began to rise around the...

The behavior of crude oil price volatility is analyzed within a conceptual framework of kinetic roughening of growing interfaces. We find that the persistent long-horizon volatilities satisfy the Family-Viscek dynamic scaling ansatz, whereas the mean-reverting in time short horizon volatilities obey the generalized scaling law with continuously varying scaling exponents. Furthermore we find tha...