The endosomal/lysosomal system is essential for cell survival. The regulation of lysosomal pH is critical for lysosomal function and has been known to play a pivotal role in aging and disease. The pH within the lysosomes is essentially increased in certain diseases and our preliminary data suggests that it may also increase with age. It is known that the methods used for lysosomal pH measuremen...

Sensor drift is an inevitable measurement problem and is particularly significant in the long term. The common practice is to have an auto-calibration facility (including standard buffers or accurate integrated actuators) mounted on the monitoring system. However, this approach may not be feasible when the monitoring system is miniaturized to the size of a capsule. In this paper, we develop an ...

The growing field of ocean acidification research is concerned with the investigation of organism responses to increasing pCO2 values. One important approach in this context is culture work using seawater with adjusted CO2 levels. As aqueous pCO2 is difficult to measure directly in smallscale experiments, it is generally calculated from two other measured parameters of the carbonate system (oft...

Arterial blood gas analysis, the focus of this article, provides a fuller and more accurate ”gold standard” assessment of blood oxygenation status. It allows generation, not only of oxygen saturation (in arterial blood) sO2(a), but a number of further oxygen-related parameters, including the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, pO2(a) and the total oxygen concentration of arterial bloo...

This study is supported in part by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), key program 30930027. Corresponding to Wu RH. Alteration in tissue pH is an indicator of many pathological processes. In tumors, the pH gradient exists between the intracellular (pHi) and extracellular (pHe) compartments. pHe is usually lower, and pHi could be higher or unchanging compared w...

The SIGNAL biotic index for river macroinvertebrates, originally developed and tested in eastern Australia, was revised for application to the entire continent. Macroinvertebrate survey data from the National River Health Program were used to set grade numbers between 1 and 10 to represent the water-quality sensitivities of 210 taxa. Grades were assigned at the taxonomic levels customarily used...