OBJECTIVES In 2002, the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) began negotiating new price contracts for 90% of hospital pharmaceuticals on behalf of all New Zealand (NZ) public hospitals ("price management"[PM]). The present study was undertaken to examine the impact of 3 years of PM on hospital pharmaceutical expenditure, and the impact of the new contracts on the availability of medicine...

Meta-analysis is a standard statistical method used to combine the conclusions of individual studies that are related and the results of single study alone can not answered to deal with issues. The data are summarized by one or more outcome measure estimates along with their standard errors. The multivariate model and the variations between studies are not considered in most articles. Here we d...

This paper sheds some light on the problems associated with random effects gravity approaches. Arguments for the superiority of a fixed effects model are given both along intuitive and econometric lines based on a Hausman test.  2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

This paper uses data drawn from the English Football League to model separate hazard rates for club managers for the 2001/2, 2002/3 and 2003/4 seasons. On average over the three seasons, approximately one-third of managers involuntarily exited employment status with their club. We model the hazard using a standard logistic model exploiting information on the spell at risk rather than the indivi...

Global pharmaceutical consumption is rising with the growing and ageing human population and more intensive food production. Recent studies have revealed pharmaceutical residues in a wide range of ecosystems and organisms. Environmental concentrations are often low, but pharmaceuticals typically are designed to have biological effects at low doses, acting on physiological systems that can be ev...

Fruit pods contain various beneficial compounds that have biological activities and can be used as a source of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. Although pods or pericarps are usually discarded when consuming the edible parts of fruits, they contain some compounds that exhibit biological activities after extraction. Most fruit pods included in this review contain polyphenolic component...

Foreign direct investments (FDIs) have been widely recognized as a crucial feature of the Chinese industrial development process. Over the past decades, China has been attracting huge amounts of inward FDIs as a consequence of both spontaneous market dynamics and place-based preferential policies at the sub-national level. However, the Chinese market exhibits large dissimilarities in terms of F...

In the past two decades, the potential association between the risk of suicidal ideation and behavior and the clinical use of pharmaceutical products has been debated among industry, regulators, and academia. A better understanding of the possible effects-favorable, unfavorable, or neutral-of pharmaceuticals on the risk of suicidal ideation and behavior may be required, especially for trials ty...

Chitin-silica represents a potentially useful superdisintegrant in many pharmaceutical applications. The "intimate" association between chitin and silica, without evidence of chemical reaction, creates an insoluble, hydrophilic, highly absorbent inert material. The new superdisintegrant is characterized by superiority in water uptake and water penetration, with no gelling hindrance effects, as ...

Pharmaceutical terpenoids belong to the most diverse class of natural products. They have significant curative effects on a variety of diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, malaria and Alzheimer's disease. Nowadays, elicitors, including biotic and abiotic elicitors, are often used to activate the pathway of secondary metabolism and enhance the production of target terpenoids. Based...