Observations of the evolution of species groups in nature, such as well recognized Galapagos finches, have motivated much theoretical research aimed at understanding the processes associated with such radiations. The Penna model is one such model and has been widely used to study aging. In this paper we use the basic Penna model to investigate the process of sympatric speciation in a simple foo...

The thermodynamic phase transition of clouds is still not well understood, therefore, the partitioning ice and liquid in mixed often misrepresented numerical models. We use 12 years cloud observations from geostationary Spinning Enhanced Visible InfraRed Imager over Southern Ocean to detect which contain both pixels at their tops we retrieve microphysical radiative properties each object. resul...

A Markov Chain Monte Carlo model for integrating the observations of inorganic species with a thermodynamic equilibrium model was presented in Part I of this series. Using observations taken at three ground sites, i.e. a residential, industrial and rural site, during the MCMA-2003 campaign in Mexico City, the model is used to analyze the inorganic particle and ammonia data and to predict gas ph...

The direct observation of extrasolar planets and their spectra is coming into reach with the new generation of ground-based near-IR interferometers, like the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). The high contrast between star and planet requires an excellent calibration of atmospheric distortions. Proposed techniques are the observation of color-differential or closure phases. The differ...

In recent years, very high-rate (10–50 Hz) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has gained a rapid development and has been widely applied in seismology, natural hazard early warning system and structural monitoring. However, existing studies on stochastic models of GNSS observations are limited to sampling rates not higher than 1 Hz. To support very high-rate GNSS applications, we assess ...

in this work, the effect of erosion on corrosion behavior of coal tar epoxy coating was evaluated usingelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) measurements. the surface morphology of the coatingwas examined by scanning electron microscope (sem) after 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min of erosion processat an impact angle of 90º. after 10 min of erosion process, the nyquist plots showed just a singl...

in the present research, damage mechanisms during room temperature uniaxial tensile testing of two different modern high strength dual phase steels,dp780 and dp980, were studied. detailed microstructural characterization of the strained and sectioned samples was performed by scanning electron microscopy (sem). the results revealed that interface decohesion, especially at the triple junctions of...