Exotic hadrons are important because their existence or absence can provide important clues to understanding how QCD makes hadrons from quarks and gluons. The first experimentally confirmed exotic will be the first hadron containing both qq and q̄q pairs and the first hadron containing color sextet and color octet pairs. Theoretical models are not very useful because there is no accepted model f...

Foam injection is becoming a standard conditioning agent when tunnelling with an earth-pressure balanced shield, resulting in an increasing interest in this technique. The technique is mostly based on empirical rules and experience. To be able to determine what foam and how may foam has to be injected for different soils, it is necessary to know the mechanical parameters of the foam-water-soil ...

The purpose of this project was to investigate fuel vapor suppression by aqueous film and foam layers. Immediately after application, aqueous film and foam layers have the effect of suppressing fuel evaporation, however this suppression is not constant over time. If enough time elapses, the fuel vapor concentration above the film and foam layers can reach levels characteristic of an uncovered f...

While the use of spin networks has greatly improved our understanding of the kinematical aspects of quantum gravity, the dynamical aspects remain obscure. To address this problem, we define the concept of a ‘spin foam’ going from one spin network to another. Just as a spin network is a graph with edges labeled by representations and vertices labeled by intertwining operators, a spin foam is a 2...

The effect of the foam covered ocean surface on the passive microwave remote sensing measurements is studied based on the electromagnetic scattering theory. In fomulating an electromagnetic scattering model, we treat the foam as densely packed sticky air bubbles coated with thin seawater coating. The layer of foam covers the ocean surface that has air bubbles. We then use dense media radiative ...

For a foam-covered sea surface, it is difficult to retrieve sea surface salinity (SSS) with L-band brightness temperature (1.4 GHz) because of the effect of a foam layer with wind speeds stronger than 7 m/s, especially at low sea surface temperature (SST). With foam-controlled experiments, emissivities of a foam-covered water surface at low SST (−1.4 °C to 1.7 °C) are measured for varying SSS, ...

We use Stem-ML to build an automatic learning system for Mandarin prosody that allows us to make quantitative measurements of prosodic strengths. Stem-ML is a phenomenological model of the muscle dynamics and planning process that controls the tension of the vocal folds. Because Stem-ML describes the interactions between nearby tones or accents, we were able to use a highly constrained model wi...

I will review recent progress in our understanding of the nuclear force. In the course of the 1990’s, so-called high-precision, charge-dependent nucleon-nucleon potentials have been constructed which are, essentially, phenomenological models. These potentials are now commonly used as input for exact few-body calculations and microscopic nuclear many-body theory. I will critically analyses those...

From the quark confinement idea, we conjecture that the quarks compose colorless particles (uud and udd the Lee Particles) and then the Lee Particles construct a body center cubic lattice in the vacuum. In terms of the energy band theory, from the symmetries of the body center cubic periodic field, we deduce the baryon spectrum (with a united mass formula) using only 2 flavored quarks u and d. ...

In this paper we discuss the interplay of quantum fluctuations and dissipation in uniform superconducting nanowires. We consider a phenomenological model with superconducting and normal components and a finite equilibration rate between these two fluids. We find that phase-slip dipoles proliferate in the wire and decouple the two fluids within its bulk. This implies that the normal fluid only c...