The transition to alternative fuels and vehicles presents many challenges that require long-range strategic thought and planning. Fuel producers must make expensive infrastructure decisions about which fuels to support years before they are sold. Vehicle producers must commit to new drivetrains on a similar long-range schedule. Whichever technologies prevail, hydrogen fuel cell, PHEV, BEV or bi...

The paper proposes an energy management strategy (EMS) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) taking into account battery health through an additional soft constraint on battery internal temperature, considered as one of the prime factors influencing battery aging. Battery cell temperature is modeled and considered as a second state constraint with the st...

Based on analyzing the structure of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) and its operation during regenerative braking, a fuzzy control strategy of battery management is proposed. Firstly, the state of charging is estimated by establishing the mathematical relationship between open circuit voltage and the internal resistance model. Secondly, the fuzzy logic controller is designed in regenera...

Fire accidents constitute a significant safety concern for automotive lithium-ion battery packs and have impeded the development of electric vehicles (EVs). While fire concerns been raised about EVs, their performance remains unknown, especially plug-in hybrid (PHEVs). Hence, this paper conducted full-scale experiments PHEVs to explore behavior characteristics. Two brand new were employed, powe...

Due to expensiveness of PHEV batteries, the dimensioning of the batteries is very important. We derive the marginally optimal size from a consumer economics perspective and show that a crucial factor for optimal size and profitability is the marginal annual recharging frequency. We apply the analysis to a small set of Swedish vehicle movement data and demonstrate that the resulting optimal batt...

A DNA fragment of 487 bp containing a gene for tRNAPhe has been sequenced. Although the tRNAPhe sequence is identical to that of pheU (which maps at 94.5 min) the surrounding sequences are quite different. This sequence is thus that of a second gene for tRNAPhe (which we shall call pheV). In vitro transcription experiments and S1 mapping in vivo show the existence of two promoters separated by ...

Environmental Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles In the most comprehensive environmental assessment of electric transportation to date, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) are examining the greenhouse gas emissions and air quality impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The purpose of the program is to evaluate th...