The notion of uncertainty has taken different meanings and emphases in various fields, including the physical sciences, engineering, statistics, economics, finance, insurance, philosophy, and psychology. Analyzing the notion in each discipline can provide a specific historical context and scope in terms of problem domain, relevant theory, methods, and tools for handling uncertainty. Such analys...

In this survey, I attempt to identify and describe some of the common threads that tie together work in reasoning about knowledge in such diverse elds as philosophy, economics, linguistics, artiicial intelligence, and theoretical computer science, with particular emphasis on work of the past ve years, particularly in computer science. It is a revised and updated version of a paper entitled \Rea...

Evolutionary genetics studies the patterns and mechanisms of genetic changes underlying evolutionary change. Because biological diversity at all levels (including population, species, and ecosystem diversity) has a genetic basis and is a result of evolution, evolutionary genetics provides insight into the ultimate mechanisms creating biodiversity. Evolutionary genetics utilizes empirical tools ...

The STAC project will develop new, formal and robust models of non-cooperative conversation, drawing from ideas in linguistics, philosophy, computer science, and economics. The project brings a state of the art, linguistic theory of discourse interpretation together with new data-driven models of agent interaction and strategic decision making. Here we discuss the project’s linguistic underpinn...

free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, histo...

free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, histo...

Political economy and economic sociology have developed in relative isolation from each other. While political economy focuses largely on macrophenomena, economic sociology focuses on the level of social interaction in the economy. The paper argues that economic sociology can provide a microfoundation of political economy beyond rational actor theory and behavioral economics. Based on a discuss...

This glossary contains general definitions of over 500 terms related to agricultural production, the environment, and sustainable development. Terms were chosen to increase awareness of major issues for the nonspecialist and were drawn from various social and natural science disciplines, including ecology, biology, epidemiology, chemistry, sociology, economics, anthropology, philosophy, and pub...

RICHARD NESBIT EVANS was born on 14 May 1944 in Birmingham, United Kingdom. A natural all-rounder, he attended Winchester College from 1957 to 1962, where he excelled at athletics and won the science prize. He studied politics, philosophy, economics and natural sciences at the University of Cambridge in the early 1960s and joined The Economist, where he worked as an investigative journalist fro...

background to estimate the total annual cost due to chronic hepatitis b (chb)-related diseases imposed on each patient and his/her family in iran.   methods economic burden of chb-related diseases (chb, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma) were examined. in this retrospective study, 100 iranian patients were identified to obtain their socioeconomic status, utilization (direct and indirect c...