Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are secretory glands most commonly linked to defensive mutualisms. Both a plant’s need for defense and the strength of defense provided by mutualists will vary with plant condition and local insect community. Thus, the benefit of EFNs may vary spatially and temporally. However, little attention has been paid to natural variation in the presence and abundance of EFNs...

The eVects of plant defenses on herbivory can diVer among spatial scales. This may be particularly common with indirect defenses, such as extraXoral nectaries (EFNs), that attract predatory arthropods and are dependent on predator distribution, abundance, and behavior. We tested the defensive eVects of EFNs in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) against damage by a specialist herbivore, ...

A formal citrus insect pest survey was conducted in two citrus growing districts of Kenya, Bungoma and Machakos, to determine important insect pests of citrus and evaluate the pest control practices used by small-scale farmers. Observations were made on the insect pests and their damage, methods of pest control practiced, pesticide products used, sources of farming knowledge and how decisions t...