Populations of neurons in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) fire rapidly during sleep, exhibiting sleep/waking state-dependent firing patterns that are the reciprocal of those observed in the arousal system. The majority of these preoptic "sleep-active" neurons contain the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. On the other hand, a population of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) cont...

thermal POA stimulation induced sleep (McGinty and Szymusiak, 2001). There is a population in the anterior hypothalamus that shows increased metabolic activities during sleep. Many sleep-promoting substances act in the POA. These neurons are concentrated in the ventrolateral POA (VLPO) and produce the inhibitory amino acid, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), and the inhibitory neuropeptide, galanin. ...

Bounding the price of anarchy (PoA), which quantifies the degradation in the quality of outcomes in a (pure) Nash equilibrium of a game, is one of the fundamental questions in computational game theory. However, for a large class of games, a pure NE may not always exist and hence a natural question to pursue is to quantify the inefficiency for weaker notions of equilibrium such as mixed Nash eq...

Steroid hormones, particularly 17beta-estradiol (E2), regulate the development and expression of neural structures and sexual behavior. Recently, we demonstrated that E2-regulated responses are controlled by quantitative trait loci. In this study, we quantified 1) volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) of the preoptic area (POA); 2) medial basal hypothalamic (MBH)-POA aromatase and 5alp...

OBJECTIVE Pressure ulcers (PU) are considered harmful conditions that are reasonably prevented if accepted standards of care are followed. They became subject to the payment adjustment for hospitalacquired conditions (HACs) beginning October 1, 2008. We examined several aspects of the accuracy of coding for pressure ulcers under the Medicare Hospital-Acquired Condition Present on Admission (HAC...

We study the Price of Anarchy (PoA) of the competitive cascade game following the framework proposed by Goyal and Kearns in [11]. Our main insight is that a reduction to a Linear Threshold Model in a time-expanded graph establishes the submodularity of the social utility function. From this observation, we deduce that the game is a valid utility game, which in turn implies an upper bound of 2 o...

in this work, poly (o-anisidine) (poa) was prepared by consecutive potential cycling in an acidic monomer solution at the surface of carbon paste electrode (cpe). nickel ions were dispersed into the polymer by immersing the electrode in niso4 solution. the prepared ni/poa/cpe was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (afm) a...

In this work, we report an innovative approach to improve the interface properties of SiC/SiO 2 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. High temperature (1350°C) oxidation under different ambient is followed by a combination post-oxidation annealing (POA) treatments using N , O and NO gases. TOF-SIMS analysis shows silicon nitrogen peaks near interface. The peak attributed emission carbon a...

Afferent neural transmission of temperature sensation from skin thermoreceptors to the central thermoregulatory system is important for the defense of body temperature against environmental thermal challenges. Here, we report a thermosensory pathway that triggers physiological heat-defense responses to elevated environmental temperature. Using in vivo electrophysiological and anatomical approac...