when we try to study the policy- making and decision- making in the the islamic management we do not refer to the ordinary methods available rather, we wish to delve into the deep structure of decision-making and policy- making from the view- point of wisdom and divine inspiration. is islam, policy- making and decision- making are based on thinking and counseling. thus, counseling is one of the...

A central point of debate over environmental policies concerns how future costs and benefits should be assessed. The most commonly used method for assessing the value of future costs and benefits is economic discounting. One often-cited justification for discounting is uncertainty. More specifically, it is risk aversion coupled with the expectation that future prospects are more risky. In this ...

Medical technology assessment, which traditionally has involved evaluating whether a technology was safe and effective, has been expanded in recent years to include consideration of cost-effectiveness. While most analysts and policymakers would agree that cost-effectiveness is, in principle, a worthy goal, actually using such a standard in coverage decisions is much more difficult. This Comment...

OBJECTIVE To assess the existence and content of elective admission policies in New South Wales acute public hospitals. METHODS A questionnaire was sent to managers of all acute public hospitals (n = 76). Copies of elective admission policies were sought from respondents. Results were analysed with EpiInfo 5.01b and policy content by thematic analysis. RESULTS Survey response was 91% (69/76...

The precautionary principle is a guide to public policy decision making (Raffensperger and Tickner 1999, Schettler et al. 2002). It responds to the realization that humans often cause serious and widespread harm to people, wildlife, and the general environment. According to the precautionary principle, precautionary action should be undertaken when there are credible threats of harm, despite re...

The legal system is an expensive social institution, raising the question of whether the amount of litigation is socially appropriate. The thesis developed here is that it is not—because of fundamental differences between private and social incentives to use the legal system. These differences permeate litigation, affecting decisions about the bringing of suits, settlement versus trial, and tri...

OBJECTIVE Centralized exchanges of scientific materials existed by the late nineteenth century, but they did not include medical publications. North American medical leaders therefore formed an association of institutions to run their own exchange: the Medical Library Association (MLA). After providing background to the exchange concept and the importance of institutional members for MLA, this ...

Background The context is a complex and important influence on decision-making, affecting degree of responsiveness and people-centred health systems. Although theoretical frameworks to understand context are available, limited empirical research exists exploring contextual influences on evidence-informed health policymaking. This presentation compares contextual influences on the role of eviden...

There is widespread agreement that both the configuration and the application of state authority in the health sector should be realigned in the interest of achieving agreed policy objectives. The desired outcome is frequently characterized as a search for good governance serving the public interest. The present paper examines the proposal in The World Health Report 2000 that the concept of ste...

a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. The RAND testimony series contains the statements of RAND staff members as prepared for delivery. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this written testimony are the author's alone and should no...