in this period, three french educational institutions, after having been founded in paris, established gradually their schools in iran. these institutions consisted of the lazaristes schools, french alliance and israelite alliance schools. but, quality and quantity of their activities, that formed a part of unknown cultural history of qajar period, haven’t been much investigated. therefore, thi...

We live in a culture of contest and protest. Our economic, political, and legal institutions are structured as contests. Our efforts to reform these institutions frequently are characterized by protest. This article examines the social and ecological implications of this culture of contest and protest. It begins by demonstrating that our economic, political, and legal institutions form an integ...

Humans are a coalitional, parochial species. Yet, extreme actions of solidarity are sometimes taken for distant or unrelated groups. What motivates people to become solidary with groups to which they do not belong originally? Here, we demonstrate that such distant solidarity can occur when the perceived treatment of an out-group clashes with one's political beliefs (e.g., for Leftists, oppressi...

Across the developing world, many governments have implemented political reforms—heavily promoted by international donors—designed to transfer greater power to subnational levels of government and to provide a more substantial policymaking and oversight role to citizens. Although economic analyses have frequently argued that such decentralization programs improve the efficiency of public expend...

Much has been written about the seeming inexorable march of globalization and the power of global capitalism to mold state policies according to its requirements. Yet the nation-state remains the center of political action and social solidarity. Notwithstanding the transformational power accorded to globalization, any given country's public institutions remain more tied to the specific politica...

after the victory of constitution revolution, the context became ready for creating new institutions. one of the main elements of these institutions was making people familiar with their social and political rights. thus establishment of parliament and political and social institutions in iran clarified the necessity of political and economic independence. as one of the major concerns of parlia...

The contextual theory of political participation in non-electoral politics developed in this paper supposes that more open political opportunity structure of a respective state increases both, the individual non-electoral participation and mobilization into this participation, since the decentralized political institutions send a message that more access points to influence politics are availab...