We study the role of parties in a citizen-candidate repeated-elections model where voters have incomplete information. We identify a novel “party competition e¤ect.”Compared with “at large” selection of candidates, party selection makes o¢ ce-holders more willing to avoid extreme ideological stands. Politicians follow party discipline, even in absence of a party-controlled reward mechanism. Vot...

The subject matter of this paper is an investigation of factors affecting the women s' presence in politics (aged 20-40 years) in 2015 (Case study: City of Sanandaj). Political participation is regarded as one of the major development indices. If the political development is considered as meaning "expansion of participation and competition of social groups in the political life", one of its pre...

Consensual and Conflictual Democratization We study the process of endogenous democratization from inefficient oligarchic systems in an economy where heterogeneous individuals can get involved in predation activities. The features of democracies are shown to be crucially related to the conditions under which democratization initially takes place. The political regime and the extent of redistrib...

background and objectives: novel probiotics and prebiotics designed to modulate the gut microbiota for improving health outcomes are in demand as the importance of the gut microbiota in human health is revealed. a review of the scientific literature regarding the current knowledge and novel species and novel oligosaccharides for the treatment of dysbiosis-associated diseases has been carried ou...

BACKGROUND Ecological and cross-sectional studies have indicated that conservative political ideology is associated with better health. Longitudinal analyses of mortality are needed because subjective assessments of ideology may confound subjective assessments of health, particularly in cross-sectional analyses. METHODS Data were derived from the 2008 General Social Survey-National Death Inde...

The major argument of this essay is that Kipling treats the colonial subject as the "other," and Forster proves to be almost as pro-Empire as writers like Kipling. Nevertheless, A Passage to India is eloquent in rejecting British values and introducing Indian voices. This novel records a shift in attitude in terms of exposing the bitter realities about and attitudes of British imperialists. Des...

In diasporic literature the question of identity is tangled with the question of history. This study aims at discussing how Yasmin Crowther reviews the Persian tradition in The Saffron Kitchen, her autobiographical novel which is mainly set-in early 60s, Iran. The novel focuses on evoking and rewriting history by using different types of counter narratives that contrast with Iranian hegemonic d...

the revolution of 1919 and its positive and negative results reflex on the story’s form and subject. in this period, people were interested to draw events and reflect political and social events of society in their works. they want no more to see their desired world in phantom and dream, because their information to problems of society had increased and they had acquired sufficient statement ab...