introduction: repetitive cortical spreading depression (csd) can lead to cell death in immature brain tissue. caspases are involved in neuronal cell death in several csd-related neurological disorders. yet, whether repetitive csd itself can induce caspase activation in adult or juvenile tissue remains unknown. inducing repetitive csd in somatosensory cortices of juvenile and adult rats in vivo,...

Objective: According to the previous studies, several social, cultural, and organizational factors are involved in the decision of families of brain death victims for organ donation. The present study was performed to determine the effective factors in the decision of organ donation among families of brain death victims. Methods: In this descriptive-com...

BackgroundSleep disturbance and agitation are frequent conditions during the subacute period of recovery in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Clarity is needed regarding association between two improve fundamental nursing care.AimThe aim our scoping review was identify evidence for potential associations sleep inpatient rehabilitation adult patients with TBI.DesignWe conducted a ...

OBJECT Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often accompanied by early death due to transtentorial herniation. Decompressive craniectomy, performed alone or in conjunction with evacuation of the mass lesion, can reduce the incidence of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). In this paper the authors evaluate mortality and morbidity and long-term outcomes in children who underwent decompressive c...

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex, heterogeneous disorder that develops following trauma and often includes perceptual, cognitive, affective, physiological, and psychological features. PTSD is characterized by hyperarousal, intrusive thoughts, exaggerated startle response, flashbacks, nightmares, sleep disturbances, emotional numbness, and persistent avoidance of trauma-associat...

Seizure activity has been proposed to result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which then contribute to seizure-induced neuronal damage and eventually cell death. Although the mechanisms of seizure-induced ROS generation are unclear, mitochondria and cellular calcium overload have been proposed to have a crucial role. We aim to determine the sources of seizure-induced ROS and ...

Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and serious disability among children and adolescents. Incidence and prevalence rates of pediatric TBI are often difficult to obtain and vary by injury severity as well as mechanism of injury. In a recent report, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that children aged 0 to 4 years and adolescen...

We used magnetic resonance imaging to study brain structure in acute stress disorder (ASD) following a psychological trauma and after 4 weeks in remission. Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry and FreeSurfer analysis of the hippocampal formation and amygdala revealed no structural changes in ASD (n=75) compared with trauma-exposed individuals without ASD (n=60) and community controls (n=60). The...

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder of emotional and mental stress occurring as an outcome of injury or severe emotional shock. Several Neuroimaging studies in humans have shown the functions and relationship between the anatomical changes of brain and PTSD. The three major areas of the brain are affected by PTSD .These three areas are the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cor...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. We identify High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) as a novel causative factor in the development of cerebral oedema, mediating coagulation, preventing secondary brain damage as well as serving as a novel therapeutic target to limit secondary neurological injury after TBI. As a prototypical danger associated molecular...