introduction: diseases of the dental pulp and periapical tissues are chiefly caused by microorganisms. antibiotics are used in some endodontic cases; however, successful cases can predominantly be achieved by mechanical and chemical cleaning of the canal or surgical intervention. materials & methods: the aim of this study was to determine the knowledge of general dental practitioners (gdps) in ...

BACKGROUND Agency is a pervasive feature of the health care market, with doctors acting as agents for both patients and the health care system. In a context of scarce resources, doctors are required to take opportunity cost into account when prescribing treatments, while cost containment policies cannot overlook their active role in determining health care resource allocation. This paper addres...

Weight-controlling can be supported by a proper prescription of energy intake. The individual energy requirement is usually determined through resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity. Because REE contributes to 60-70% of daily energy expenditure, the assessment of REE is very important. REE is often predicted using various equations, which are usually based on the body weight, he...

PURPOSE Rapid growth of prescription drug expenditures is a problem in South Korea. The objective of this study was to assess the contributions of four variables (therapeutic choice, drug-mix, original use, and price changes) to increases in drug expenditures paid by the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted between January ...

This paper analyzes advertising incentives and strategies in specialized markets, where consumers’ decisions are dictated by experts. By analyzing the market stealing and market expanding aspects of advertising, this study shows that in a sub-game perfect equilibrium only some (and not all) firms may choose to advertise to consumers. From the welfare perspective, consumer advertising is sociall...

Inappropriate medication use is a major problem for the elderly. Although increasing attention has been paid to inappropriate prescription medication use, most previous research has been limited to the investigation of prevalence and trends. Few studies provide the empirical evidence for the adverse effect of inappropriate medication use on health outcomes at the national level. This study is t...

OBJECTIVE To examine differences in prescribing between dispensing and non-dispensing practices. SETTING The 108 practices covered by Lincolnshire Family Health Services Authority. DESIGN Analysis of prescribing data for 1990-1 from PD2 reports from the Prescription Pricing Authority in relation to data on practice characteristics obtained from Lincolnshire Family Health Services Authority;...

This study evaluates the impact of Sierra Leone's 2010 Free Health Care Initiative (FHCI). It uses two nationally representative surveys to identify the impact of the policy on utilisation of maternal care services by pregnant women and recent mothers as well as the impact on curative health care services and out-of-pocket payments for consultation and prescription in children under the age of ...

Accurately assessing the energy expenditure (EE) of different types of physical activity is important for exercise prescription in obese individuals. The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of the Polar S810i Heart Rate Monitor and SenseWear Pro Armband (SWA) for estimating energy expenditure (EE) during indoor rowing versus indirect calorimetry (IC). 43 overweight and obese adults (1...

this study attempts to investigate the effect of oil returns and external debt on the government expenditure in syria over the period 1970-2010. the johansen cointegration test showed that oil returns and external debt have a positive and significant long run relationship with government expenditure. the granger causality test indicates unidirectional short-run causality relationships running f...