By 1996, 66% of the countries of the world were using elections to choose their top leaders. This wave of democratization was accompanied by a paradigm shift that took the large number of historically clustered democratizations and called it a “wave.” The scholarship has moved beyond overly episodic, event-oriented accounts of democratization to comparative work that investigates the impact of ...

In this study, we explore the global effect of the Internet on democracy over the period of 1992 to 2002 by observing the relationships between measures related to democracy and Internet prevalence. Our findings suggest that while Internet usage was not a very powerful predictor of democracy when examining full panel data from 1992 to 2002, it was a stronger predictor when we study data from ju...

Discovering latent representations of the observed world has become increasingly more relevant in the artificial intelligence literature [Hinton and Salakhutdinov, 2006, Bengio and Cun, 2007]. Much of the effort concentrates on building latent variables which can be used in prediction problems, such as classification and regression. A related goal of learning latent structure from data is that ...

In recent years, it has become common for discussions about managing and analyzing information to reference “data scientists” using “the cloud” to analyze “big data.” Indeed these terms have become so ubiquitous in discussions of data processing that they are covered in popular comic strips like Dilbert and the terms are tracked on Gartner’s Hype cycle. The Harvard Business Review even labeled ...

We construct a model of revolution and transition to democracy under individualistic and collectivist cultures. The main result is that, despite facing potentially larger collective action problems, countries with an individualistic culture are more likely to end up adopting democracy earlier than countries with a collectivist culture. Our empirical analysis suggests a strong and robust associa...

CULTURE, INSTITUTIONS AND DEMOCRATIZATION* Yuriy Gorodnichenko Gerard Roland University of California, Berkeley and NBER University of California, Berkeley, CEPR and NBER First draft: November 2012 This draft: April 2015 Abstract: We construct a model of revolution and transition to democracy under an individualistic and a collectivist culture. The main result is that, despite facing pot...

The collapse of communism sparked a wave of democratization that was characterized by distinctive development of democracy in post-communist societies of Central and Eastern Europe. Democratization processes in those societies have generated specific problems, including uncertainty regarding the establishment of democracy, its sustainability, and development. Among the others, a characteristic ...

This paper presents a case study of Ghana’s gradual democratiza through 2004. This gradual democratization three main factors: the role of the international community, civil society, and electoral reform. Data as well. The 1992 Constitut as relevant books were consulted, in addition to Chairman of the EC and Convention Party (PNC) found that Ghana’s gradual democratization was electoral reforms...