Let Xn, . . . , X1 be i.i.d. random variables with distribution function F . A statistician, knowing F , observes the X values sequentially and is given two chances to choose X’s using stopping rules. The statistician’s goal is to stop at a value of X as small as possible. Let V 2 n equal the expectation of the smaller of the two values chosen by the statistician when proceeding optimally. We o...

the present article studies the quran's view on free will and freedom. some related issues discussed here are: (1) human freedom is the basis of the creation; (2) respecting human freedom is the basis of the prophet's invitation of the people to islam; (3) political freedom is the foundation of forming political societies, and so on. with reference to the quranic verses and moslem sch...

The basic role of Jews is defined as creating a motivating contrast between the mass of the people who often get into trouble, and the subsequently arising leader (prophet) who calls for conscience in order to help the people to survive the trouble.