AMPA and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic responses expressed differential paired-pulse plasticity when examined in the same cell using intracellular or whole cell voltage-clamp recordings. Electrical stimulation of corticostriatal afferents in brain slices bathed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing bicuculline produces excitatory postsynaptic potentials and excit...

Extracellular responses were recorded from single neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the cat during presentation of pairs of brief visual stimuli identical to those that produce orientation-selective paired-pulsed suppression in the visual cortex. LGN neurons also show paired-pulse suppression, but the suppression is not orientation selective, and it occurs only for short inters...

OBJECTIVE Identify the optimal number of pulses necessary to achieve reliable measures of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies. METHODS Retrospective data was obtained from 54 healthy volunteers (30 men, mean age 61.7±13.1years) who as part of prior studies had completed three blocks of 30 consecutive TMS stimuli using neuronavigation. Data from fo...

OBJECTIVE We investigated the transient effect of short-duration paired-pulse electrical stimulation (ppES) on corticospinal excitability and the after-effect of long-duration ppES on excitability, short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), and afferent facilitation (AF). METHODS A total of 28 healthy subjects participated in two different experiments. In Experiment 1, motor-evoked potentials (...

The infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve (ION) is essential in whisker-specific neural patterning ("barrelettes") in the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (PrV). The barrelettes are formed by the ION terminal arbors, somata, and dendrites of the PrV cells; they are abolished after neonatal damage to the ION. Physiological studies show that disruption of the barrelettes is accompa...

A monosynaptic response was recorded in vivo in the mushroom body of the bee brain, an important site for memory consolidation. Focal electrical stimulation of a major afferent input evoked an extracellular field potential that consisted of a presynaptic fiber volley and a postsynaptic response. We report a long-lasting potentiation of the synaptic response (2.6-fold increase; < or = 3.5 h). Po...

Calcium channels of the P/Q subtype mediate transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction and at many central synapses, such as the calyx of Held. Transgenic mice in which alpha1A channels are ablated provide a powerful tool with which to test compensatory mechanisms at the synapse and to explore mechanisms of presynaptic regulation associated with expression of P/Q channels. Using the caly...

Nicotinic synapses in the autonomous nervous system display use-dependent plasticity but the contribution of cellular environment, as well as the presynaptic mechanisms implicated in this process remain to be determined. To address these questions synaptic function was assayed in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons microcultured in isolation from any other cell type and compared to tho...

Memristors are deemed to be the electrical twin biological synapses. They enable emulation of human memory functionalities such as learning, memorizing, and forgetting. The present hydrothermally grown titanium dioxide nanowire array memristive devices have shown able mimic synaptic behaviors. As well spike-rate dependent plasticity, excitatory postsynaptic currents, paired pulse facilitation, ...

Abstract This paper reports the fabrication of an artificial synapse (AS) based on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) film. The AS emulates important synaptic functions such as paired-pulse facilitation, spike-rate dependent plasticity, spike-duration plasticity and spike-number plasticity. spike voltage can mediate ion migration in gel to regulate conductance MoS channel, thereby re...