BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a disabling mental disorder with high prevalence and that usually  requires long-term follow-up and expensive lifelong treatment. The cost of schizophrenia treatment consumes a significant amount of the health services' budget in western countries. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to find out about the costs related to schizophrenia across different european coun...

This paper deals with the purification of four proteins from Euphorbia characias latex, a copper amine oxidase, a nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase, a peroxidase, and a purple acid phosphatase. These proteins, very different in molecular weight, in primary structure, and in the catalyzed reaction, are purified using identical preliminary steps of purification and by chromatographic m...

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This article examines (i) the background and debate over cost shifting; (ii) hospitals as business institutions that often shift the financial responsibility for their costs in the form of differential pricing; and (iii) how the cost-shifting debate affects and is affected by Medicare. The aim is to gain a better understanding of how changes in reimbursement by large government health insurance...

The costs attributed to employee health problems are usually measured by employers in terms of direct health care costs, such as medical plan claims. Although it has been understood that employee health problems also produce indirect costs for employers, their measurement has been far less frequent. At best, studies have recorded one component of indirect health costs: the time lost to employee...

Background We assessed direct and indirect costs associated with COPD in Sweden and examined how these costs vary across time, age, and disease stage in a cohort of patients with COPD and matched controls in a real-world, primary care (PC) setting. Patients and methods Data from electronic medical records linked to the mandatory national health registers were collected for COPD patients and a...

BACKGROUND This study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs. METHODS This study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. The first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of Iran. They were to identify components of the household health costs. In the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect an...

In-line integration of sequential catalysis and continuous multi-column purification. Adapted for small compound amounts (hit-to-lead). Suitable large-scale purification (process chemistry).

A novel DNA purification technology is described that enables the purification of pure dsDNA from blood. When compared to existing DNA purification methods, the Whatman BioScience Purification System (WBPS) offers a fast and convenient way to recover high yields of DNA. WBPS is based on a unique filter system that entraps DNA within a matrix. This allows the process to be performed in a single ...

In this paper the problem of minimum cost communication network design is considered where the costs are piecewise linear concave. Several methods are compared: Simulated Annealing method, a heuristic based on the method proposed by Minoux, and a lagrangian method based on lower bounding procedure.