Risk assessment and HACCP are related, but fundamentally di€erent processes. Four major elements of risk assessment are commonly described (hazard identi®cation; exposure assessment; dose-response assessment or hazard characterization; and risk characterization). Some similarities exist between the inputs for the ®rst elements of risk assessment (hazard identi®cation) and HACCP (hazard analysis...

Traditional system reliability efforts have failed to focus on software reliability. To remedy this, the authors propose a method that uses descriptive analyses, trend analyses, and reliability models to control testing activities, evaluate software reliability, and plan maintenance. uring the development of a software system, the supplier must efficiently monitor the development activities; co...

We show optical evidence that demonstrates artists as early as Jan van Eyck and Robert Campin (c1425) used optical projections as aids for producing their paintings. We also have found optical evidence within works by later artists, including Bermejo (c1475), Lotto (c1525), Caravaggio (c1600), de la Tour (c1650), Chardin (c1750) and Ingres (c1825), demonstrating a continuum in the use of optica...

We compared the clinical sensitivity and cost-effectiveness of a qualitative assay for choriogonadotropin in human urine ("Icon" hCG) with a quantitative assay of serum from 142 women with pathologically-diagnosed ectopic pregnancy. Results show that although the qualitative assay had a clinical sensitivity for pregnancy of 98.6%, as compared to 100% for the quantitative assay, it was more econ...

Health care research includes many studies that combine quantitative and qualitative methods. In this paper, we revisit the quantitative-qualitative debate and review the arguments for and against using mixed-methods. In addition, we discuss the implications stemming from our view, that the paradigms upon which the methods are based have a different view of reality and therefore a different vie...

Two distinct research methods coexist in SE: quantitative methods, which seek to measure and analyze causal relationships between variables in a framework with free values, and qualitative methods, which examine the process of creating meanings from which new or improved theorems are generated. Applying these two methods separately to SE research, it becomes clear that the results obtained are ...

Multiple methods are vital to understanding development as a dynamic, transactional process. This article focuses on the ways in which quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be combined to enrich developmental science and the study of human development, focusing on the practical questions of "when" and "how." Research situations that may be especially suited to mixing qualitative and qu...

The syntax of these constructions has received a lot of attention in recent years (den Dikken 1995, 1998, Español-Echevarría 1996, Hulk & Tellier 1999ab, Doetjes 1997). However, very little work has concentrated on the relation between both constructions. Milner (1978) had already observed that quantitative and qualitative constructions share the same syntactic structure (see also Ruwet 1982). ...

Many historians reject quantitative methods as inappropriate to understanding past societies.This article argues that no sharp distinction between qualitative and quantitative concepts can be drawn, as almost any concept used to describe a past society is implicitly quantitative. Many recent advances in understanding have been achieved by deriving quantitative evidence from qualitative evidence...