Infobots” are small-scale natural language question answering systems drawing inspiration from ELIZA-type systems. Their key distinguishing feature is the extraction of meaning from users’ queries without the use of syntactic or semantic representations. Two approaches to identifying the users’ intended meanings were investigated: keyword-based systems and Jaro-based string similarity algorithm...

Starting in 1966 with the introduction of the ELIZA chatbot, a great deal of effort has been devoted towards the goal of developing a chatbot system that would be able to pass the Turing Test. These efforts have resulted in the creation of a variety of technologies and have taken a variety of approaches. In this paper we compare and discuss the different technologies used in the chatbots which ...

Honey bee colonies reproduce through swarming, in which about half the workers and the laying queen leave the natal nest and form a cluster in nearby vegetation. After a new nest cavity has been selected, the entire swarm cluster and the queen must become airborne and move en masse to the chosen site. Failure of the queen to leave the natal nest or relocate to the new nest cavity will result in...

We introduce and investigate the concept of Queen labeling a digraph and its connection to the well-known n-queens problem. In the general case we obtain an upper bound on the size of a queen graph and show that it is tight. We also examine the existence of possible forbidden subgraphs for this problem and show that only two such subgraphs exist. Then we focus on specific graph families: First ...

Worker sterility in honeybees is neither absolute nor irreversible. Whether under queen or worker control, it is likely to be mediated by pheromones. Queen-specific pheromones are not exclusive to queens; workers with activated ovaries also produce them. The association between ovarian activation and queen-like pheromone occurrence suggests the latter as providing a reliable signal of reproduct...

We examined changes in the content of biogenic amines in the brains of ant queen associated with early colony establishment. In ants, including Formica japonica, winged virgin queens lose their wings following copulation, and then start establishing a colony. Significant changes in brain biogenic amine content in the queen are associated with transition from winged virgin queen to wingless mate...

A trademark of eusocial insect species is reproductive division of labor, in which workers forego their own reproduction while the queen produces almost all offspring. The presence of the queen is key for maintaining social harmony, but the specific role of the queen in the evolution of eusociality remains unclear. A long-discussed scenario is that a queen either behaviorally or chemically ster...

the oil and protein content of three varieties of water melon seeds namely, chillian black, dixy queen and charlston gray were determined. the soluble proteins were studied and measured by paper chromatography and amino acid analyzer. the results indicated that oil content of the seeds was 43, 53 and 45% and protein content was 27, 23, and 34% respectively. the soluble proteins contained all th...

Tim MUSEUM in the little town of Arendal in southern Norway possesses a fine English medicine chestwhich belonged to Queen Caroline Mathilde of Denmark. On 8 November 1766 this posthumous daughter of George II's eldest son, Frederick, married King Christian VII of Denmark and Norway. Caroline Mathilde was fifteen years old, and Christian VII two years her senior. He had succeeded to the Danish ...