We delineate three mechanisms that could explain women's under-representation in electoral lists and political power: voter demand, candidate supply, and internal party dynamics. We use Spain's Equality Law, which mandates a 40 percent female quota on electoral lists, to test these alternative theories. The law was enacted by the Social-Democratic Party after the surprise parliamentary electora...

L S Penrose’s Limit Theorem – which is implicit in Penrose [7, p. 72] and for which he gave no rigorous proof – says that, in simple weighted voting games, if the number of voters increases indefinitely and the relative quota is pegged, then – under certain conditions – the ratio between the voting powers of any two voters converges to the ratio between their weights. Lindner and Machover [4] p...

To assess men's educational needs to improve their involvement in perinatal care we carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional study on 400 women seeking perinatal care in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences hospitals and 400 men who were accompanying them. Participants were recruited using a quota sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect information on demography, men's ...

Pedestrians intercepted near the exits of a subway station in downtown Hong Kong were surveyed using a questionnaire and quota sampling in October 2012. The survey sampled 408 residents and tourists aged 16 and above. The awareness of the 16 ads ranged from 18 to 80 percent with an average 43.5 percent. The layouts of the two subway ads received highest awareness were focused and had a clear di...

This paper presents optimal collective dichotomous choices under quota constraints. We focus on committees that have to decide whether to accept or reject a set of projects under quota constraints. We provide a method for optimal ranking of projects which is suitable for solving this problem. The main result generalizes a number of earlier results in the subject. To outline the applicability of...

Abstract: The type of research used in this study is quantitative research, the sample employees at PT. Citra Lencana Sakti, totaling 75 employees, sampling uses non-probability sampling, technique quota sampling. tool to collect data a questionnaire. were analyzed using SPSS, namely Validity Test, Reliability Mucticolinierity Normality Heteroscedasticity R2 Determination Coefficient Simultaneo...

Background: Elder abuse is a significant public health problem overlooked by communities. The current study investigated various abuse types prevalence and their associated factors among the elderly.  Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2014. Research palpation compromised elderly covered by health hygiene centers in Kashan City, Iran. The study sample included 500...

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 (CRA91) was enacted after a rancorous debate about whether it was a “quota” hiring bill or a necessary means of opening labor markets. We analyze the effects of CRA91 on the composition of firms’ workforces. We consider employer behavior when firms vary in their susceptibility to discrimination suits and when firms can reduce exposure to discrimination claims by emp...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh fungsi manajemen koperasi (planing, organizing, actuating, controlling) dan etos kerja islami terhadap pembentukan jiwa wirausaha santri di pondok pesantren Al-Qodiri Jember. merupakan penelitian confirmatory research. Populasi dalam adalah seluruh anggota Jember yang berjumlah 1.300. Sampel dipilih sebanyak 150 responden. Metode pengambilan sa...