A physlco-chenmal subcloud rain model IS used to simulate the effect of gaseous HNO, and NO, on pH and SOiproduction in a IOmmh-‘, 1000-m fall distance rain event. The ambient gases constdered m the chemistry were SO,, NO, NO,, HNO,. 0,. and CO,. Ramdrops mtttally at a pH of 5.5 absorbed these gases, and as they fell through a polluted zone, produced SOiand NO; by the oxidatron of dissolved SO,...

The aim is to evaluate the use of a satellite infrared (IR) technique for estimating rainfall over the eastern Mediterranean. The Convective-Stratiform Technique (CST), calibrated by coincident, physically retrieved rain rates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR), is applied over the Eastern Mediterranean for four rain events during the six month period o...

Given a single input rainy image, our goal is to visually remove rain streaks and the veiling effect caused by scattering and transmission of rain streaks and rain droplets. We are particularly concerned with heavy rain, where rain streaks of various sizes and directions can overlap each other and the veiling effect reduces contrast severely. To achieve our goal, we introduce a scale-aware mult...

A radar altimeter's normalized backscatter, σ, is used in many oceanographic applications, to infer values of wind speed, wind stress, rain rate and the presence of biogenic slicks. The waveform retracker used to estimate the key geophysical variables for the altimeters on the Jason-1 and Jason-2 satellites shows increased small-scale variability since the problem is ill-conditioned. A simple e...

A network of optical disdrometers (including laser precipitation monitors and a two-dimensional video disdrometer) was utilized to determine whether the recent reports of “superterminal” raindrops were spurious results of drop breakup occurring on instrumentation. Results unequivocally show that superterminal raindrops at small (less than 1 mm) sizes are ubiquitous, are measurable over an exten...

The signal propagation at the frequencies above 10 GHz suffers from significant attenuation due to rain, which in case of point-to-multipoint systems is unlikely to be compensated for by available fade margin alone. For this reason and especially thanks to the non-uniform spatial distribution of the rain rate, it is suitable to utilize site diversity concept during planning of point-to-multipoi...

This study focuses on improving the retrieval of rain from measured microwave brightness temperatures and the capability of the retrieved field to represent the mesoscale structure of a small intense hurricane. For this study, a database is constructed from collocated Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) data resulting in about ...

Note to readers. What follows are drafts of six chapters of our book in progress, Seductions and Shortcuts: Fallacies in the Cognitive Economy, which is volume 3 of our omnibus work, A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems, published by Elsevier/NorthHolland. The six chapters that appear here have been drafted as stand-alone pieces, and they have not yet been integrated into a smoothly flowing u...

Numbers of greenroofs in urban areas continue to grow internationally; so designing greenroof soil to reduce the amount of nutrients in the stormwater runoff from these roofs is becoming essential. This study evaluated changes in extensive greenroof water discharge quality and quantity after adding biochar, a soil amendment promoted for its ability to retain nutrients in soils and increase soil...

Weather radar systems are very suitable tools for the monitoring of extreme rainfall events providing measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution over a wide geographical area. Nevertheless, radar rainfall retrieval at C-band is prone to several error sources, such as rain path attenuation which affects the accuracy of inversion algorithms. In this paper, the so-called rain profiling...