Public finance experts have long explored the issue of income taxes making the cost of market transactions higher than nonmarket ones. A 50 percent income tax, for example, requires $20,000 in income to purchase $10,000 of market goods. The tax can be avoided, however, if the same goods can be produced at home. The upshot is that income taxes encourage the home production of goods and services ...

Unilateral carbon policies are inefficient due to the fact that they generally mean that abatement takes place in high-cost countries and because they are subject to carbon leakage. In this paper, we ask whether the use of carbon tariffs — tariffs on the carbon embodied in imported goods — might lower the cost of achieving a given reduction in world emissions. Specifically, we explore the role ...

This paper analyses two-way access pricing in a telecommunications market where consumers are heterogeneous in their demand for calls and firms are allowed to use nonlinear tariffs. We first investigate how the presence of access charges affects the tariffs offered by firms in symmetric equilibrium. Next we show that under certain conditions each firm’s profit is independent of the level of (re...

We examine regulation of distribution tariffs in the Mexican natural gas industry. Average revenue in each period is constrained not to exceed an upper bound and is calculated as the ratio of total revenue to output in the current period. This regime implies incentives for setting two-part tariffs strategically. The usage charge is typically dropped to its lowest feasible level while the fixed ...

I analyze the welfare implications of protecting intellectual property rights (IPRs) in developing countries through its impact on innovation, market structure, and technology transfer. FDI, tariffs, and cooperation are introduced to the strategic IPR literature. In a North-South framework, the Southern government sets the IPR policy strategically by anticipating the Northern firm’s decision on...

The reliability of software is an increasingly important demand, especially for safety critical systems. RAISE is a mathematically based method which has been shown to be useful in the development of many kinds of software systems. However, RAISE has no particular features for specifying real-time requirements, which often occur in safety critical systems. Adding timing features to RAISE makes ...

RAISE is a research project aimed at building a framework and platform that supports the integration of multiple existing models, simulations, and data. The grand challenge is to facilitate the process of pulling the independently created models together. In our approach, RAISE, we explore a reflective middleware to address challenges of integrated simulation environments in which interoperabil...