Injections of rhodamine-B into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and Fluoro-Gold into the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) revealed double-labeled retinal ganglion cells (DL RGCs) projecting to both nuclei. The soma-size distribution of DL RGCs was compared with three other distributions: DRN-projecting RGCs, LGN-projecting RGCs, and a large sample of RGCs labeled via the optic nerve with DiI. DL ...

Toluene is an ototoxic organic solvent widely used in industry and could be a cause of sleep apnea. Acute toluene administration in rats induces an increase in the number of neural cells immunostained for mu-opioid receptors in several brainstem nuclei, such as the inferior colliculus, dorsal and lateral periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe, without changes in the superior colliculus and the in...

Alterations in the development of the serotonin system can have prolonged effects, including depression and anxiety disorders later in life. Serotonin axonal projections from the dorsal raphe undergo extensive refinement during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life in rodents (equivalent to the third trimester of human pregnancy). However, little is known about the functional properties of seroto...

Many symptoms induced by isolation rearing of rodents may be relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. However, identities of transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to chronic social isolation stress remain elusive. The transcription factor ATF-7 is structurally related to ATF-2, which is activated by various stresses, including inflammatory cytokine...

BACKGROUND/AIMS We established a cynomolgus macaque model of stress-induced amenorrhea in which the application of combined metabolic and psychosocial stress suppressed ovulation in stress-sensitive (SS) individuals, but not in highly stress-resilient (HSR) individuals. We previously reported that SS monkeys have deficits in global serotonin release and serotonin-related gene expression in the ...

Duloxetine is a dual serotonin (5-HT)/norepinephrine (NE) re-uptake blocker with antidepressant potential. In the present in vivo electrophysiological study, the changes in the function of the rat 5-HT and NE systems after 2- and 21-day administration of duloxetine (20 mg/kg/day) were assessed in the dorsal hippocampus and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The firing rate of DRN neurons was decre...