Encapsulation is essential to protect the air-sensitive components of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) such as active layers and cathode electrodes. In this study, hybrid zirconium inorganic/organic nanolaminates were fabricated using remote plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) and molecular layer deposition at a low temperature. The nanolaminate serves as a thin-film encapsulat...

Sequential deposition has been extensively used for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells. Nevertheless, fundamental aspects of the kinetics of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite formation remain obscure. We scrutinize the individual stages of the reaction and investigate the crystallization of the lead iodide film, which occurs before the intercalation of methylammonium iodide commences...

We study reaction-di¤usion systems of propagator-controller type in the one-dimensional unit interval. When propagator di¤uses slowly, we establish the existence of transition layer equilibria by using singular perturbation expansions and a Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction method. Our approach to the existence also enables us to simultaneously obtain a stability criterion for the layer equilibria.

A imple model is developed to examine the performance of a supported catalytic membrane within which occurs the co-utive--parallel reaction system given by A + B + R, with rate = k, pm*’ p:, and A + R + P, with rate = kap22pF,. Closed-form sohtticms reveal that segregation of reactanti ft and B to oppmits sides of the membrane IS an effective strategy for increasing the dmired producr (R) point...

The interfacial reactions and joint reliabilities between Sn–9mass%Zn solder and an electroless nickel-immersion gold (ENIG) plated Cu substrate were investigated during reflow and isothermal aging at temperatures between 343 and 423K for aging times of up to 2400 h. After reflowing and aging, the intermetallic compound (IMC) formed at the interface was found to be AuZn3. No Ni-containing react...

Dc molecular-beam methods are used to examine the reactivity of carbon tetrachloride with oxide films grown on iron in ultrahigh vacuum. The incident CCl4 beam flux is sufficiently low that the nature of the surface oxide is dictated by the annealing temperature allowing the reactivity of Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO films to be examined. Carbon tetrachloride reacts rapidly with Fe2O3 and reaction with...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate mechanical properties, surface characteristics and castability of Zr-14Nb dental castings. The mean 0.2% proof and ultimate tensile strengths of Zr-14Nb were approximately 68% and 76% those of Ti-6Al-7Nb, respectively, while they were comparable to Co-29Cr-6Mo. Elongation of Zr-14Nb was the highest of all alloys tested. The hardened reaction layer was f...

The boronizing of a tungsten heavy alloy containing Ni and Fe as the major alloying elements were performed in the present study to increase its surface hardening. Pack cementation method was employed as a well-known, successful solid-state process for boronizing. The coating treatment was accomplished at different temperatures of 1000, 1050 and 1100°C for 6 and 9 hours. The formation of tu...

A new method, powder thixoforming, has been proposed to fabricate an in situ Al3Tip/2024Al composite. During partial remelting, the microstructural evolution of the bulk alloy prepared by cold pressing of the Ti, Al, 2024Al powder mixture was investigated, and the formation mechanism of the Al3Ti particles produced by the reaction between the Ti powder and the Al alloy melt is also discussed in...

The phase evolution and morphology of the solid state FeF2 conversion reaction with Li has been characterized using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). An epitaxial FeF2(110) film was grown on a MgF2(110) single crystal substrate and exposed to atomic lithium in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. A series of ARXPS spectra was taken after each Li exposure to obtain depth resolved...