In biological nitrogen fixation the key intermediate compound, defined as the end product of the fixation reaction and the initial reactant of assimilation, is believed to be either ammonia or hydroxylamine. Burris and Wilson (1945) noted that these two possibilities need not be mutually exclusive but may occur simultaneously, depending on the concentrations of the carbon compounds serving as a...

background and objective: during cheese ripening, some of water insoluble casein change to water soluble nitrogen which are include intermediate hydrohysate protein and free amino acids. materials and methods: these enzymes save their activities in pasteurization temperature and also uht processing. in this study effect of number of pscyrotroph bacteria on physical and chemical properties on uf...

Ratoon rice (RR) has been regarded as a labor-saving and beneficial production system. Nitrogen (N) surplus reactive N losses (Nr losses) are effective environmental indicators used to evaluate the performance of management. Few studies have assessed Nr for Chinese RR. In this study, RR planting areas were divided into South China (SC), southern part East (SEC), Central (CC), northern (NEC), So...

Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal human pathogen and a major cause of nosocomial infections. As gaseous signaling molecules, endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO·) protect S. aureus from antibiotic stress synergistically, which we propose involves the intermediacy of nitroxyl (HNO). Here, we examine the effect of exogenous sulfide and HNO on the transcriptome and the format...

Oxidative damage by reactive nitrogen species has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms of tissue damage are poorly understood, however, because the toxic intermediates are short-lived. Previous in vitro studies have suggested that 3-nitrotyrosine represents a specific marker of protein oxidation by reactive nitrogen species. The ...

It is increasingly proposed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play a key role in human cancer development [1–6], especially as evidence is growing that antioxidants may prevent or delay the onset of some types of cancer (reviewed in [7,8]). ROS is a collective term often used by biologists to include oxygen radicals [superoxide (O # J−), hydroxyl (OHJ), pero...

As a single-phase alloy, CrFeCoNi is face centered cubic (fcc) material related to the archetypical high-entropy Cantor alloy CrFeCoNiMn. For thin films, of approximately equimolar composition tends assume an fcc structure when grown at room temperature by magnetron sputtering. However, solid solution state typically not achieved for films higher temperatures. The same holds true alloy-based ce...

Recent studies suggest that human activities accelerate the production of reactive nitrogen on a global scale. Increased nitrogen emissions may lead to environmental impacts including photochemical air pollution, reduced visibility, changes in biodiversity, and stratospheric ozone depletion. In the last 50 yr, emissions of ammonia (NH3), which is the most abundant form of reduced reactive nitro...

Mechanism of dinitrogen reduction in protic media is discussed in the light of results obtained for specially prepared binuclear complexes M"M with bridging dinitrogen capable to be protonated and reduced. The conclusion is made that such complexes with d2 or d3 electronic configuration of M together with additional electron donor are likely intermediates in catalytic dinitrogen reduction by co...