Significant advanced systems in processing and manufacturing have produced functionally graded materials by means of processes that offer great latitude creating material composition. The use the appears to be one best effective realization maintainable development productions. Due importance Al-Fe alloy many engineering applications like automotive applications, preparation this was studied. m...

In hot forming process, the workpiece undergoes plastic deformation at high temperature and the microstructure of the workpiece changes according to the plastic deformation. These changes affect the mechanical properties of workpiece. In order to optimize this process, both the plastic deformation of workpiece and its microstructural changes should be taken into consideration. Since material be...

Functionally graded materials (FGM) in the form of layered structure consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia (8 mol% Y2O3) and nickel were fabricated by spark plasma sintering procedure. The relative density, linear shrinkage and Vickers hardness of each layer of graded materials were measured. The microstructure and the composition of these components were studied. The results obtained show t...

An oscillatory microstructure has been observed during deep-cellular growth of directionally solidified Sn-36at.%Ni hyperperitectic alloy containing intermetallic compounds with narrow solubility range. This oscillatory microstructure with a dimension of tens of micrometers has been observed for the first time. The morphology of this wave-like oscillatory structure is similar to secondary dendr...

We report on observations of microstructure at 4.85 and 1.41 GHz of pulsars strong enough for the observation of single pulses with time resolution between 7 µs and 160 µs. All five pulsars observed at 4.85 GHz show microstructure in a large fraction of their pulses. We confirm that microstructure seems to be a common property of the pulsar emission mechanism and not only an additional feature ...

Many oi the observed but yet unexplained phenomena associated with granular flow have been attributed to the development of a layered microstructure within the material. In particular the microstructure development has been called on to explain ma, ny of the experimental observations that cannot be accounted for in the presently avMlable theoreticM studies. While the attributions are based on s...

The age of criminal responsibility of children in the Islamic Penalties Act has been determined as religious Bulugh (puberty) Nasab. According to this, criminal authorities hold girls criminally liable and punishable at 9 complete lunar years and boys at 15 complete lunar years. Unfortunately, our legislator has set criminal responsibility of children based on sexual maturity; therefore, thousa...

Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels have a vast application in automotive industry because of theirhigh strength, high ductility and hence excellent energy absorption capacity. These characteristics of TRIPsteels are due to the existence of retained austenite in their microstructures in the ambient temperature, whichtransforms to the martensite phase during deforma...