Figure 2 Cross-hair laser level. Plastic surgery relies on accurate preoperative evaluation and planning. The simple marker pen and tape measure have been essential tools of the trade, but modern tradesmen in engineering and other fields have moved on to more sophisticated devices. One such device is a laser level that emits a laser line (as opposed to a single dot), which can be orientated wit...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Reduction Mammaplasty (RM) in breast cancer allows mammary remodeling after wide excisions. We aimed to analyze the complications, survival, and quality of life after RM. METHODS Retrospective study of women who underwent a surgical intervention for breast cancer between 2000 and 2016. Patients were divided into two groups: RM and tumorectomy. Postoperative complicat...

Cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery has increased in popularity among adolescents in the United States. As more adolescents pursue these procedures, an understanding of the psychological aspects of these surgeries becomes increasingly important for the benefit of both patients and providers. The authors review the psychological aspects of cosmetic and reconstructive surgical breast proce...

Despite the clinical relevance of bottoming out, or pseudoptosis, associated with reduction mammaplasty (RM) its evaluation remains an imprecise science. This study aims to further define the kinetics of postoperative pseudoptosis over an extended period of time, after our previous study investigating pseudoptosis in the early postoperative period. Patients undergoing medial pedicle RM had 3-di...

BACKGROUND Following breast reduction procedures, the level of postoperative pain can be severe, and sufficient pain control influences a patient's physiological, immunological, and psychological status. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the use of intrathecal morphine (ITM) in breast reduction surgery with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). METHODS Sixty-two female patients w...

Cosmesis is a vital concern for patients undergoing plastic and reconstructive surgery. Many variations in wound closure are employed when attempting to minimize a surgical scar's appearance. Barbed sutures are one potential method of achieving improved wound cosmesis and are more common in recent years. To determine if barbed sutures differ from nonbarbed in wound cosmesis, we conducted a sing...

MethodS: Patients from 2011–2015 who underwent reduction mammaplasty were examined by anesthesia modality: GA alone and GA+ PVB adjunct. Demographic data, intra-operative and 6 hour post-operative opioid requirements, phase 1 and 2 pain scores, post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and total anesthesia time were collected. and analyzed with contingency tables and comparisons of means and m...

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INTRODUCTION: In response to a growing opioid crisis, there is an increased focus on reducing opioid consumption perioperatively. Pectoral nerve blocks (Pecs blocks) have previously been shown to successfully manage postoperative pain in mastectomy patients, decreasing perioperative opioid consumption and postoperative nausea. Over the past several years, we have begun incorporating Pecs blocks...

A wealth of evidence has now demonstrated that the microenvironment in which a tumorigenic cell evolves is as critical to its evolution as the genetic mutations it accrues. However, there is still relatively little known about how signals from the microenvironment contribute to the early events in the progression to malignancy. To address this question, we used a premalignant mammary model to e...