iran has had incremental incidence of traffic accident mortality since introduction of mechanization about a century ago. but the newest data from iran show decrease in the absolute number of deaths, death per 10,000 vehicles and death per 100, 000 populations. despite its huge impact on health and economy, research in the field of traffic crashes is still scant and there are still deficiencies...

For a long time philosophers and psychologists have been intrigued by the question of the self. More recently, this has become a topic of discussion in neuroscience. In this article, we suggest that the processing of self-referential stimuli in cortical midline structures (CMS) is a fundamental component in generating a model of the self. Drawing from neuroimaging studies, we distinguish betwee...

Violations of the maxims of Quantity occur when utterances provide more (over-specified) or less (under-specified) information than strictly required for referent identification. While behavioural data suggest that under-specified expressions lead to comprehension difficulty and communicative failure, there is no consensus as to whether over-specified expressions are also detrimental to compreh...

The purpose of this paper is to open for investigation a range of phenomena familiar from dynamical systems or chaos theory which appear in a simple fuzzy logic with the introduction of self-reference. Within that logic, self-referential sentences exhibit properties of fixed point attractors, fixed point repellers, and full chaos on the [0, 11 interval. Strange attractors and fractals appear in...

Geometric complexity theory (GCT) is an approach towards the P vs. NP and related problems. The article [GCTflip] describes its defining strategy, called the flip, to resolve the self referential paradox, which is the root difficulty in these problems. This article describes an approach based on positivity hypotheses in algebraic geometry and representation theory to implement the flip and ther...

Crisp databases and fuzzy databases are developed to provide users with the ability to store data that can be used in deriving information satisfying their needs. The design of these databases requires several theoretical foundations, efficiency, and ease of use. Thus, they accommodate a wider range of real-world requirements and provide a friendlier environment for man-machine interaction. The...

This paper presents the Kiel Curry System (KiCS) for the lazy functional logic language Curry. Its main features beyond other Curry implementations are: flexible search control by means of search trees, referentially transparent encapsulation and sharing across nondeterminism.

The trials in this paper have been devised, led and delivered by Michael Sanders, a member of the Behavioural Insights Team (BIT), and a former BIT Research Fellow from the University of Bristol. We would like to thank those organisations who have partnered with us in the production of this report. In particular, we would like to thank the Charities Aid Foundation, which has supported the resea...

We consider CFDnc, an alternative to the description logic CFD that retains the latter’s ability to support PTIME reasoning in the presence of terminological cycles with universal restrictions over functional roles and also in the presence of functional constraints over functional role paths. In contrast, CFDnc replaces the ability to have conjunction on left-hand-sides of inclusion dependencie...

We present the results of an elicitation experiment conducted to investigate which factors cause speakers to overspecify their referential expressions, where we hypothesized properties of the target and properties of the communicative setting to play a role. The results of this experiment show that speakers tend to provide more information when referring to a target in a more complex domain and...