makes it impossible to express the results in a general and informative manner. We felt, therefore, that it was useful to define two index that can be used for the purposes of such analysis. Metho& The axial and toric components of ametropia are such that it can be seen as a point within a threedimensional reference. The distance between the point and the centre of a reference defines the Refra...

conclusions acute and chronic administration of ellagic acid had anxiolytic property. also, the most effective dose of ellagic acid was 30 mg/kg. pretreatment with flumazenil reversed the beneficial effect of ellagic acid and diazepam on anxiety. it is likely that the anxiolytic effect of ellagic acid is largely mediated by activation of gabaa receptor. results acute and chronic application of ...

Considerable debate still surrounds the best management of hypermetropia and to explore the options in this communication a hypothetical patient is considered at two different ages with identical refraction. Four experienced ophthalmic surgeons (CMcG, TK, ML, and AB) who have undertaken cornea and refractive surgery fellowships and have a combined experience of more than 10 000 refractive surgi...

From 1983 until 1987, 4177 outpatient urologic procedures were performed at Shahid Labbafi Nejad Medical Center. 34% of the cases were open surgical, while 66% were endourologic procedures. There was no surgical complication related to the outpatient aspect of the procedure. Rate of infection in open surgical cases was almost zero. The number of procedures was increased each succeeding yea...

Keratoconus provides a decrease of quality of life to the patients who suffer from it. The treatment used as well as the method to correct the refractive error of these patients may influence on the impact of the disease on their quality of life. The purpose of this review is to describe the evidence about the conservative surgical treatment for keratoconus aiming to therapeutic and refractive ...

Visual optics is taking on new clinical significance. Given that current refractive procedures can and do induce large amounts of higher order ocular aberration that often affects the patient's daily visual function and quality of life, we can no longer relegate the considerations of ocular aberrations to academic discussions. Instead, we need to move toward minimizing (not increasing) the eye'...

The history of laser refractive surgery is reviewed, followed by an overview of the current state of the field as well as a look at promising future developments.