Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted in a worldwide concern. The role of the immunity system and memory cells this their ability preventing secondary infection is controversial issue. Here we presented case reinfection with virus eight months after first episode. A twenty-one-year-old man was referred to our local hospital on 19 February 2020 symptoms viral infection. COVID-19 confirmed...

BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the relative influence of individual susceptibility versus household exposure factors versus regional clustering of infection on soil transmitted helminth (STH) transmission. The present study examined reinfection dynamics and spatial clustering of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm in an extremely impoverished indigenous setting in r...

PURPOSE Clinical, immunological and microbiological characteristics of recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children were evaluated, differentiating relapse from reinfection, in order to identify specific risk factors for both conditions. METHODS All patients <18 years-old with recurrent IPD admitted to a tertiary-care pediatric center from January 2004 to December 2011 were evalu...

Recurrence of active tuberculosis after treatment of an initial disease episode can be due to endogenous reactivation or exogenous reinfection. Cases of recurrent tuberculosis in the Australian state of New South Wales between 1994 and 2006 were identified by data linkage analysis with confirmatory review of case notes. We included patients with more than one culture positive disease episode du...

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most important pathogen affecting the outcome of renal transplantation. Reinfection of CMV can occur in CMV-seropositive donors and CMV seropositive recipients (D+/R+) settings because the protection against CMV conferred by preexisting immunity is limited due to its strain-dependent immune responses. To analyze the influence of CMV reinfection in renal transplantat...

OBJECTIVES To analyze the role of the capsular type in pneumococci causing relapse and reinfection episodes of acute exacerbation in COPD patients. METHODS A total of 79 patients with 116 recurrent episodes of acute exacerbations caused by S. pneumoniae were included into this study (1995-2010). A relapse episode was considered when two consecutive episodes were caused by the same strain (ide...

The Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis Reinfection and Reemergence in Sichuan, China: Implications for Surveillance and Intervention

BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is a severe zoonotic disease of worldwide extension caused by liver flukes. In human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas, reinfection and chronicity are the norm and anemia is the main sign. Herein, the profile of the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg expression levels is analyzed after reinfection, correlating them with their corresponding hematological biomarkers of morbidity. METHODOLO...

Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern in developing countries, and rapid reinfection fostered by continued exposure to contaminated water sources necessitates a vaccine to augment current mass treatment-based control strategies. We report isotype-specific (immunoglobulin A [IgA], IgE, IgG1, IgG4, and IgG) antibody responses to soluble worm antigen preparation and the recombinant vacci...

Individuals residing in malaria-endemic regions acquire protective immunity after repeated infection with malaria parasites; however, mechanisms of protective immunity and their immune correlates are poorly understood. Blood-stage infection with Plasmodium vivax depends completely on interaction of P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (PvDBP) with the Duffy antigen on host erythrocytes. Here, we perf...