Flagg and Friedman [2] introduced a translation (·) Γ from EPC (epistemic first–order predicate calculus with equality, i.e. classical first–order predicate calculus based on Lewis’s modal calculus S4 with equality) to IPC (intuitionistic first–order predicate calculus with equality). In the same paper, by making use of the soundness of the translation, they gave in a uniform way an alternative...

An uncertainty report describes the extent of an agent's uncertainty about some matter. We identify two basic requirements for uncertainty reports, which we call faithfulness and completeness. We then discuss two pitfalls of uncertainty assessment that often result in reports that fail to meet these requirements. The first involves adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to the representation of ...

To describe the role of traditional healers in STD case management, in-depth interviews were held with 16 healers (seven witchdoctors, five herbalists and four spiritual healers) in four slum areas in Nairobi, Kenya. All healers believed that STDs are sexually transmitted and recognized the main symptoms. The STD-caseload varied largely, with a median of one patient per week. Witchdoctors and h...

In Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) both language acquisition and language typology can be accommodated. The basic assumption is that constraints are universal, but that the rankings of these constraints are language particular. For language typology the idea is that different rankings reflect different (possible) languages. For acquisition the idea is that the learner needs to acqui...

We routinely form impressions of people from their faces, and these impressions sometimes contain a kernel of truth. Impressions of trustworthiness are central to interpersonal relationships, but their accuracy remains contentious. Here, we investigated whether sexual trustworthiness (faithfulness) can be accurately judged from opposite-sex strangers' faces. Women's ratings of men's unfaithfuln...

In this article we propose that there are two universal properties for phonological stop assibilations, namely (i) assibilations cannot be triggered by /i/ unless they are also triggered by /j/, and (ii) voiced stops cannot undergo assibilations unless voiceless ones do. The article presents typological evidence from assibilations in over 30 languages supporting both (i) and (ii). It is argued ...

This paper presents an extension to the Conservative PC algorithm which is able to detect violations of adjacency faithfulness under causal sufficiency and triangle faithfulness. Violations can be characterized by pseudo-independent relations and equivalent edges, both generating a pattern of conditional independencies that cannot be modeled faithfully. Both cases lead to uncertainty about spec...

Faithfulness is one of the main hypotheses on which rely most Bayesian network (BN) structure learning algorithms. When some random variables are deterministically determined by others, faithfulness is ruled out and classical learning algorithms fail to discover many dependences between variables, hence producing incorrect BNs. Even state-of-the-art algorithms dedicated to learning with determi...

This paper presents an extension to the Conservative PC algorithm which is able to detect violations of adjacency faithfulness under causal sufficiency and triangle faithfulness. Violations can be characterized by pseudo-independent relations and equivalent edges, both generating a pattern of conditional independencies that cannot be modeled faithfully. Both cases lead to uncertainty about spec...