man's past condition is related to his present life and history means surveying the quality of the past activities whose traces remain in the present time. the main field of historical research is man's past life, the stages which have been put behind in the process of evolution and changes as well as progresses made in these stages. history is a means to provide human beings with a complete in...

Bill Clinton, the ex-president of the United States of America at the end of his two presidency period stated that one of his most important successes was the link between internal economy and the foreign policy of the country.  Some general conclusions can be derived from this statement, which include the following and which make the hypotheses of this article: 1- Economic relations are necess...

Statistical models that analyse (pairwise) relations between variables encompass assumptions about the underlying mechanism that generated the associations in the observed data. In the present paper we demonstrate that three Ising model representations exist that, although each proposes a distinct theoretical explanation for the observed associations, are mathematically equivalent. This equival...

Mental health service users were involved in the InvolvE study in two ways. Firstly, one of the principal investigators was a mental health service user. She regarded her job as keeping the study a user-focused one. Secondly, at each site, there was one user researcher and one non-user researcher. We were interested to see whether participants reacted to a peer interviewer differently to a non-...

The Indivo X personally controlled health record creates a channel between researchers and the patient/subject in several large scale projects. Indivo enables patients to access their health data through a web interface and, as an "apps platform", can be extended in functionality. Patient-facing apps, such as a medication list, may improve the data flow between researcher and patient, in both d...